4.6 QUANTUM MECHANICAL TUNNELING
128
4.6.1 Implications of finite energy
barriers
128
4.6.2 Implications for the quantum
mechanical harmonic oscillator 129
4.7 SUMMARY
130
END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
131
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING 132
Chapter 5
Intermolecular Interactions
and Self-Assembly
133
5.1 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
AND SELF-ASSEMBLY
133
5.1.1 Ion–ion interactions
135
5.1.2 Ion–dipole interactions
137
5.1.3 Dipole–dipole interactions
140
5.1.4 Interactions involving induced
dipoles
142
5.1.5 Dielectric screening
145
5.1.6 Dispersion forces
148
5.1.7 Overlap repulsion
149
5.1.8 Total intermolecular potentials 152
5.1.9 Hydrogen bonds
154
5.1.10 The hydrophobic effect
154
5.2 ELECTROSTATIC FORCES BETWEEN
SURFACES: THE ELECTRICAL
DOUBLE LAYER
156
5.2.1 The electrical double layer
157
5.2.2 The Debye length
159
5.2.3 Interactions between charged
surfaces in a liquid
160
5.3 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
AND AGGREGATION
162
5.4 SIMPLE MODELS DESCRIBING
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE
164
5.4.1 Applications of the
particle-in-a-box model
164
5.4.2 Conjugation in organic
molecules
170
5.4.3 Solvatochromism
173
5.4.4 Aggregation and electronic
structure
175
5.4.5 π–π stacking interactions
176
END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
178
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING 180
Chapter 6
Bulk Characterization Techniques
for Nanomaterials
181
6.1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS
181
6.1.1 Interactions between light
and matter
183
6.1.2 UV–visible spectroscopy
188
6.1.3 The absorption of visible light
by a nanofilm
192
6.1.4 Molecular fluorescence
spectroscopy
194
6.1.5 Vibrational spectroscopy
methods
197
6.2 LIGHT SCATTERING METHODS
201
6.2.1 Scattering and absorption
201
6.2.2 Rayleigh and Raman scattering 202
6.2.3 Raman spectroscopy
203
6.2.4 Light scattering by nanoparticles 204
6.2.5 Determining particle size
using scattered light
204
6.2.6 Dynamic light scattering
207
6.3 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
211
6.3.1 Absorption
212
6.3.2 Fluorescence
212
6.3.3 Diffraction
213
END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
214
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING 215
Detailed Contents
xi
128
4.6.1 Implications of finite energy
barriers
128
4.6.2 Implications for the quantum
mechanical harmonic oscillator 129
4.7 SUMMARY
130
END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
131
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING 132
Chapter 5
Intermolecular Interactions
and Self-Assembly
133
5.1 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
AND SELF-ASSEMBLY
133
5.1.1 Ion–ion interactions
135
5.1.2 Ion–dipole interactions
137
5.1.3 Dipole–dipole interactions
140
5.1.4 Interactions involving induced
dipoles
142
5.1.5 Dielectric screening
145
5.1.6 Dispersion forces
148
5.1.7 Overlap repulsion
149
5.1.8 Total intermolecular potentials 152
5.1.9 Hydrogen bonds
154
5.1.10 The hydrophobic effect
154
5.2 ELECTROSTATIC FORCES BETWEEN
SURFACES: THE ELECTRICAL
DOUBLE LAYER
156
5.2.1 The electrical double layer
157
5.2.2 The Debye length
159
5.2.3 Interactions between charged
surfaces in a liquid
160
5.3 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
AND AGGREGATION
162
5.4 SIMPLE MODELS DESCRIBING
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE
164
5.4.1 Applications of the
particle-in-a-box model
164
5.4.2 Conjugation in organic
molecules
170
5.4.3 Solvatochromism
173
5.4.4 Aggregation and electronic
structure
175
5.4.5 π–π stacking interactions
176
END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
178
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING 180
Chapter 6
Bulk Characterization Techniques
for Nanomaterials
181
6.1 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS
181
6.1.1 Interactions between light
and matter
183
6.1.2 UV–visible spectroscopy
188
6.1.3 The absorption of visible light
by a nanofilm
192
6.1.4 Molecular fluorescence
spectroscopy
194
6.1.5 Vibrational spectroscopy
methods
197
6.2 LIGHT SCATTERING METHODS
201
6.2.1 Scattering and absorption
201
6.2.2 Rayleigh and Raman scattering 202
6.2.3 Raman spectroscopy
203
6.2.4 Light scattering by nanoparticles 204
6.2.5 Determining particle size
using scattered light
204
6.2.6 Dynamic light scattering
207
6.3 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
211
6.3.1 Absorption
212
6.3.2 Fluorescence
212
6.3.3 Diffraction
213
END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS
214
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING 215
Detailed Contents
xi