294 L.-C. SIM
55. Krane, p. 549.
56. The figure cited is for the US and based on a businessas-usual scenario by 2020. See McKinsey, Energy Efficiency: A
Compelling Global Resource (New York: McKinsey & Company, 2010),
p. 5, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_
service/Sustainability/PDFs/A_Compelling_Global_Resource.ashx. For a
discussion of barriers to implementing efficiency measures in the Gulf,
see Joshua P. Meltzer, Nathan Hultman, and Claire Langley, LowCarbon Energy Transitions in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council
Region (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2014), pp. 26–
39, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/low-car
bon-energy-transitions-qatar-meltzer-hultman-full.pdf.
57. For a more comprehensive discussion of policy feedback and stability,
see Cameron Roberts et al., “The Politics of Accelerating Low-Carbon
Transitions: Towards a New Research Agenda,” Energy Research & Social
Science 44 (2018), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.001.
58. Juergen Braunstein, “Domestic Sources of Twenty-First Century Geopolitics: Domestic Politics and Sovereign Wealth Funds in GCC Economies,”
New Political Economy 24, no. 2 (2019), http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/
13563467.2018.1431619.
59. Charles Ebinger et al., Models for Aspirant Civil Nuclear Energy
Nations in the Middle East (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution,
2011), pp. 47–54, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/
2016/06/0927_middle_east_nuclear_ebinger_banks.pdf.
60. Frank Geels, “Regime Resistance Against Low-Carbon Transitions: Introducing Politics and Power into the Multi-Level Perspective,” Theory,
Culture and Society 31, no. 5 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1177/026327
6414531627.
61. See WAM, “Adnoc Seeks to Expand Strategic Partnerships, Pursue Smart
Growth, Drive Responsible Production: Al Jaber,” WAM , 9 October
2019, https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302793437.
62. NEI, “UAE Companies Benefit from Barakah Work,” Nuclear Engineering International, 15 October 2018, https://www.neimagazine.
com/news/newsuae-companies-benefit-from-barakah-work-6801296.
63. ENEC, “US$ 2.5 Billion in Contracts Awarded to Local Companies
Participating in UAE Nuclear Energy Program,” Emirates Nuclear Energy
Corporation, https://www.enec.gov.ae/news/latest-news/us-2-5-billionin-contracts-awarded-to-local-companies-participating-in-uae/.
64. The concepts of a hard or soft energy path and their implications was first
introduced by Amory Lovins, Soft Energy Paths: Towards a Durable Peace
(New Yrok: Harper & Row, 1976).
65. Oilprice.com, “Turkey’s Opaque Private Energy Sector,” Oilprice.com,
n.d., https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Turkeys-Opaque-Pri
55. Krane, p. 549.
56. The figure cited is for the US and based on a businessas-usual scenario by 2020. See McKinsey, Energy Efficiency: A
Compelling Global Resource (New York: McKinsey & Company, 2010),
p. 5, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_
service/Sustainability/PDFs/A_Compelling_Global_Resource.ashx. For a
discussion of barriers to implementing efficiency measures in the Gulf,
see Joshua P. Meltzer, Nathan Hultman, and Claire Langley, LowCarbon Energy Transitions in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council
Region (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2014), pp. 26–
39, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/low-car
bon-energy-transitions-qatar-meltzer-hultman-full.pdf.
57. For a more comprehensive discussion of policy feedback and stability,
see Cameron Roberts et al., “The Politics of Accelerating Low-Carbon
Transitions: Towards a New Research Agenda,” Energy Research & Social
Science 44 (2018), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.001.
58. Juergen Braunstein, “Domestic Sources of Twenty-First Century Geopolitics: Domestic Politics and Sovereign Wealth Funds in GCC Economies,”
New Political Economy 24, no. 2 (2019), http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/
13563467.2018.1431619.
59. Charles Ebinger et al., Models for Aspirant Civil Nuclear Energy
Nations in the Middle East (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution,
2011), pp. 47–54, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/
2016/06/0927_middle_east_nuclear_ebinger_banks.pdf.
60. Frank Geels, “Regime Resistance Against Low-Carbon Transitions: Introducing Politics and Power into the Multi-Level Perspective,” Theory,
Culture and Society 31, no. 5 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1177/026327
6414531627.
61. See WAM, “Adnoc Seeks to Expand Strategic Partnerships, Pursue Smart
Growth, Drive Responsible Production: Al Jaber,” WAM , 9 October
2019, https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302793437.
62. NEI, “UAE Companies Benefit from Barakah Work,” Nuclear Engineering International, 15 October 2018, https://www.neimagazine.
com/news/newsuae-companies-benefit-from-barakah-work-6801296.
63. ENEC, “US$ 2.5 Billion in Contracts Awarded to Local Companies
Participating in UAE Nuclear Energy Program,” Emirates Nuclear Energy
Corporation, https://www.enec.gov.ae/news/latest-news/us-2-5-billionin-contracts-awarded-to-local-companies-participating-in-uae/.
64. The concepts of a hard or soft energy path and their implications was first
introduced by Amory Lovins, Soft Energy Paths: Towards a Durable Peace
(New Yrok: Harper & Row, 1976).
65. Oilprice.com, “Turkey’s Opaque Private Energy Sector,” Oilprice.com,
n.d., https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Turkeys-Opaque-Pri