10 POWERING THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA …
293
https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/
NG22-TheDolphinProjectTheDevelopmentOfAGulfGasInitiative-Justin
Dargin-2008.pdf.
47. From Benjamin K. Sovacool, “Critically Weighing the Costs and Benefits
of a Nuclear Renaissance,” Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences
7, no. 2 (2010): 118, Table 4, https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.
2010.485618.
48. Ecofys, Subsidies and Costs of Eu Energy (Brussels: European Commission, 2014), p. 37, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/doc
uments/ECOFYS%202014%20Subsidies%20and%20costs%20of%20EU%
20energy_11_Nov.pdf.
49. Steven Geiger, Author’s Interview with Mr Steven Geiger, Co-Founder of
Masdar (2014).
50. See Pernilla Ouis, “‘Greening the Emirates’: The Modern Construction of
Nature in the United Arab Emirates,” Cultural Georgraphies 9 (2002):
342, https://doi.org/10.1191/1474474002eu252oa; and Andy Speiss,
“Developing Adaptive Capacity for Responding to Environmental Change
in the Arab Gulf States: Uncertainties to Linking Ecosystem Conservation, Sustainable Development and Society in Authoritarian Rentier
Economies,” Global and Planetary Change 64 (2008): 242, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.008. Data on carbon dioxide emissions are from CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita), World Bank
Data.
51. Cited by Li-Chen Sim, “Re-Branding Abu Dhabi: From Oil Giant to
Energy Titan,” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 8, nos. 83–98
(2012).
52. See UAE, Policy of the United Arab Emirates on the Evaluation and Potential Development of Peaceful Nuclear Energy (Abu
Dhabi: 2008), https://www.uae-embassy.org/sites/default/files/UAE_
Policy_Peaceful_Nuclear_Energy_English.pdf.
53. Krane estimates that energy subsidies account for one-third of energy
consumption in the Gulf monarchies. See Jim Krane, “Political Enablers of
Energy Subsidy Reform in Middle Eastern Oil Exporters,” Nature Energy
3, no. 7 (2018), http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0113-4. For
an excellent review of the Gulf’s gas shortage, see Laura El-Katiri and
Bassam Fattouh, A Brief Political Economy of Energy Subsidies in the
Middle East and North Africa (Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy
Studies, 2015), https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/upl
oads/2015/02/MEP-11.pdf.
54. David Coady et al., Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update
Based on Country-Level Estimates (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2019), p. 22, Figure 15, https://www.imf.org/~/media/
Files/Publications/WP/2019/WPIEA2019089.ashx.
293
https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/
NG22-TheDolphinProjectTheDevelopmentOfAGulfGasInitiative-Justin
Dargin-2008.pdf.
47. From Benjamin K. Sovacool, “Critically Weighing the Costs and Benefits
of a Nuclear Renaissance,” Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences
7, no. 2 (2010): 118, Table 4, https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.
2010.485618.
48. Ecofys, Subsidies and Costs of Eu Energy (Brussels: European Commission, 2014), p. 37, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/doc
uments/ECOFYS%202014%20Subsidies%20and%20costs%20of%20EU%
20energy_11_Nov.pdf.
49. Steven Geiger, Author’s Interview with Mr Steven Geiger, Co-Founder of
Masdar (2014).
50. See Pernilla Ouis, “‘Greening the Emirates’: The Modern Construction of
Nature in the United Arab Emirates,” Cultural Georgraphies 9 (2002):
342, https://doi.org/10.1191/1474474002eu252oa; and Andy Speiss,
“Developing Adaptive Capacity for Responding to Environmental Change
in the Arab Gulf States: Uncertainties to Linking Ecosystem Conservation, Sustainable Development and Society in Authoritarian Rentier
Economies,” Global and Planetary Change 64 (2008): 242, http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.10.008. Data on carbon dioxide emissions are from CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita), World Bank
Data.
51. Cited by Li-Chen Sim, “Re-Branding Abu Dhabi: From Oil Giant to
Energy Titan,” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 8, nos. 83–98
(2012).
52. See UAE, Policy of the United Arab Emirates on the Evaluation and Potential Development of Peaceful Nuclear Energy (Abu
Dhabi: 2008), https://www.uae-embassy.org/sites/default/files/UAE_
Policy_Peaceful_Nuclear_Energy_English.pdf.
53. Krane estimates that energy subsidies account for one-third of energy
consumption in the Gulf monarchies. See Jim Krane, “Political Enablers of
Energy Subsidy Reform in Middle Eastern Oil Exporters,” Nature Energy
3, no. 7 (2018), http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0113-4. For
an excellent review of the Gulf’s gas shortage, see Laura El-Katiri and
Bassam Fattouh, A Brief Political Economy of Energy Subsidies in the
Middle East and North Africa (Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy
Studies, 2015), https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/upl
oads/2015/02/MEP-11.pdf.
54. David Coady et al., Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update
Based on Country-Level Estimates (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2019), p. 22, Figure 15, https://www.imf.org/~/media/
Files/Publications/WP/2019/WPIEA2019089.ashx.