xviii LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 3.6
Dolphin pipeline capacity. Some of the spare capacity
depicted here has diminished as Qatar has begun gas
shipments to Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah (Source MEES
2019)
72
Fig. 3.7
UAE air quality data from The World Bank’s “Little
Green Data Book,” p. 219 (2015); https://openknowl
edge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22025/
9781464805608.pdf
79
Fig. 4.1
Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of a typical 2 MWp
solar PV system in Saudi Arabia (CapEx discounted
over system lifetime) compared to different tariff scenarios
(2019) (Source SEC, DEWA, Haala Energy); Note
on scenarios: BAU: commercial tariff (SAR 0.3/kWp)
increases by inflation only, averaging 2% per annum;
A: commercial tariff increase by 25%, and then
with inflation thereafter; B: tariffs increase by 50%
to (SAR 0.45/kWp (current DEWA price) with inflation
thereafter; Solar LCOE: The capital cost of a solar EPC
discounted over the lifetime of the system, plus the cost
of maintenance and cleaning which rises with inflation.
The area between the Solar LCOE line and each scenario
line is indicative of the return on investment [ROI])
105
Fig. 5.1
The 1,872 MW Ludington pumped storage facility
in Michigan (Photo by author)
125
Fig. 5.2
Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) in Morocco
with existing solar CSP, solar PV, and wind projects
labeled by author (Sources SolarGIS, Creative
Commons license; Wind Icon made by [Good
Ware] and solar icon made by [PrettyCons], open
source from www.flaticon.com. Note that the GHI
measurement applies to solar PV, whereas Direct Normal
Irradiation would be used to measure potential for CSP
and photovoltaic concentration technology)
129
Fig. 5.3
Morocco’s imports and exports of electricity,
in Terawatt-hours (TWh). Developed in Tableau software
using IEA Electricity Information data
138
Fig. 3.6
Dolphin pipeline capacity. Some of the spare capacity
depicted here has diminished as Qatar has begun gas
shipments to Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah (Source MEES
2019)
72
Fig. 3.7
UAE air quality data from The World Bank’s “Little
Green Data Book,” p. 219 (2015); https://openknowl
edge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22025/
9781464805608.pdf
79
Fig. 4.1
Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of a typical 2 MWp
solar PV system in Saudi Arabia (CapEx discounted
over system lifetime) compared to different tariff scenarios
(2019) (Source SEC, DEWA, Haala Energy); Note
on scenarios: BAU: commercial tariff (SAR 0.3/kWp)
increases by inflation only, averaging 2% per annum;
A: commercial tariff increase by 25%, and then
with inflation thereafter; B: tariffs increase by 50%
to (SAR 0.45/kWp (current DEWA price) with inflation
thereafter; Solar LCOE: The capital cost of a solar EPC
discounted over the lifetime of the system, plus the cost
of maintenance and cleaning which rises with inflation.
The area between the Solar LCOE line and each scenario
line is indicative of the return on investment [ROI])
105
Fig. 5.1
The 1,872 MW Ludington pumped storage facility
in Michigan (Photo by author)
125
Fig. 5.2
Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) in Morocco
with existing solar CSP, solar PV, and wind projects
labeled by author (Sources SolarGIS, Creative
Commons license; Wind Icon made by [Good
Ware] and solar icon made by [PrettyCons], open
source from www.flaticon.com. Note that the GHI
measurement applies to solar PV, whereas Direct Normal
Irradiation would be used to measure potential for CSP
and photovoltaic concentration technology)
129
Fig. 5.3
Morocco’s imports and exports of electricity,
in Terawatt-hours (TWh). Developed in Tableau software
using IEA Electricity Information data
138