78
ingredient (Onoue et al. 2011). Recently, the starch nano particles have been prepared from maize starch, cassava starch, wheat starch and others (Kim et al. 2017).
Starch polymeric nanoparticles using nanoprecipitation method was prepared by
Raveendran et al. (2016) in the size range between 250 and 300 nm with smooth
surface having spherical cavity inside which contains the anticancer drug
(Doxorubicin). The cassava starch nanoparticles were produced by subjecting cassava starch to sulphuric acid hydrolysis and used as a carrier system for curcumin
delivery (Rajeswari et al. 2011). Starch nanoparticles from cassava starch, were
then characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force
microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). The incorporation
of ZnO in the genipin crosslinked aminated starch coated iron oxide nanoparticles
was used in controlling the release of curcumin from the system (Saikia et al. 2017).
Starch Nanoparticles were also prepared by emulsification diffusion method for the
delivery of gemcitabine hydrochlorid for the treatment of pancreatic cancer by
Khaira, Sharma and Saini (2014). Novel starch-based nanoparticles from three
sources: horse chestnut (HSC), water chestnut (WSC) and lotus stem (LSC) were
prepared for nano-encapsulation of catechin with the particle size 322.7, 559.2 and
615.6 nm respectively. The results showed the bioactive properties were retained at
higher level in encapsulated catechin compared to free catechin upon in-vitro digestion (Ahmad et al. 2019a). The use of starch nanoparticles currently receives much
attention because of the abundant availability of starch, its low cost, renewability,
biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity (Rajeswari et al. 2011). The latter properties make these nanoparticles excellent candidates for implant materials
and bioactive compound deliveries. From the literature surveyed, it was concluded
that not much has been reported on the production of starch nanoparticles and its
utilization as carrier of bioactive compounds for the targeted delivery at their
absorption sites.
The effects of amylopectin/amylose ratio and non-solvent type on starch nanoparticle formation including the average particle size, polydispersity index, size distribution, and nanoparticle morphology. The study showed that high amylose starch
including Hylon V and Hylon VII gave uniform, spherical and small nanoparticles
in the size range of 20e60 and 15e50 nm, respectively. Hylon VII and Hylon V
formed more spherical nanoparticles with methanol and ethanol as the non-solvents,
and the particle size was less than 50 nm which is very useful for many applications
such as delivery of bioactives. Stability of curcumin in the presence of 1 mg/ml
native starch nanoparticles was much higher (83.7 ± 3.1%) than curcumin in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.0 (5.5 ± 1.5%) over 10 days at ambient temperature
(Sadeghi et al. 2017).
Natural starch is predominantly hydrophilic, which limits its application for
encapsulating hydrophobic food bioactives. Hydrophobic starch derivatives have
therefore been developed to overcome this drawback. Dialdehyde starch (Yu et al.
2007) and propyl starch (Jain et al. 2011) nanoparticles have been fabricated for
encapsulation and delivery of lipophilic pharmaceutical agents. Octenyl Succinic
Anhydride (OSA) modified starches have also been used to encapsulate food and
flavour ingredients (Qi and Xu 1999). OSA-starches are surface active molecules
M. Ahmad et al.
ingredient (Onoue et al. 2011). Recently, the starch nano particles have been prepared from maize starch, cassava starch, wheat starch and others (Kim et al. 2017).
Starch polymeric nanoparticles using nanoprecipitation method was prepared by
Raveendran et al. (2016) in the size range between 250 and 300 nm with smooth
surface having spherical cavity inside which contains the anticancer drug
(Doxorubicin). The cassava starch nanoparticles were produced by subjecting cassava starch to sulphuric acid hydrolysis and used as a carrier system for curcumin
delivery (Rajeswari et al. 2011). Starch nanoparticles from cassava starch, were
then characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force
microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). The incorporation
of ZnO in the genipin crosslinked aminated starch coated iron oxide nanoparticles
was used in controlling the release of curcumin from the system (Saikia et al. 2017).
Starch Nanoparticles were also prepared by emulsification diffusion method for the
delivery of gemcitabine hydrochlorid for the treatment of pancreatic cancer by
Khaira, Sharma and Saini (2014). Novel starch-based nanoparticles from three
sources: horse chestnut (HSC), water chestnut (WSC) and lotus stem (LSC) were
prepared for nano-encapsulation of catechin with the particle size 322.7, 559.2 and
615.6 nm respectively. The results showed the bioactive properties were retained at
higher level in encapsulated catechin compared to free catechin upon in-vitro digestion (Ahmad et al. 2019a). The use of starch nanoparticles currently receives much
attention because of the abundant availability of starch, its low cost, renewability,
biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity (Rajeswari et al. 2011). The latter properties make these nanoparticles excellent candidates for implant materials
and bioactive compound deliveries. From the literature surveyed, it was concluded
that not much has been reported on the production of starch nanoparticles and its
utilization as carrier of bioactive compounds for the targeted delivery at their
absorption sites.
The effects of amylopectin/amylose ratio and non-solvent type on starch nanoparticle formation including the average particle size, polydispersity index, size distribution, and nanoparticle morphology. The study showed that high amylose starch
including Hylon V and Hylon VII gave uniform, spherical and small nanoparticles
in the size range of 20e60 and 15e50 nm, respectively. Hylon VII and Hylon V
formed more spherical nanoparticles with methanol and ethanol as the non-solvents,
and the particle size was less than 50 nm which is very useful for many applications
such as delivery of bioactives. Stability of curcumin in the presence of 1 mg/ml
native starch nanoparticles was much higher (83.7 ± 3.1%) than curcumin in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.0 (5.5 ± 1.5%) over 10 days at ambient temperature
(Sadeghi et al. 2017).
Natural starch is predominantly hydrophilic, which limits its application for
encapsulating hydrophobic food bioactives. Hydrophobic starch derivatives have
therefore been developed to overcome this drawback. Dialdehyde starch (Yu et al.
2007) and propyl starch (Jain et al. 2011) nanoparticles have been fabricated for
encapsulation and delivery of lipophilic pharmaceutical agents. Octenyl Succinic
Anhydride (OSA) modified starches have also been used to encapsulate food and
flavour ingredients (Qi and Xu 1999). OSA-starches are surface active molecules
M. Ahmad et al.