426
very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and highdensity lipoproteins (HDL). Cholesterol elated by LDL is called LDL cholesterol,
and cholesterol circulated by HDL is called HDL cholesterol. The body can control
lipoprotein levels by adjusting the production rate of lipoproteins. The body can
also normalize how swiftly lipoproteins penetrate and leave the bloodstream. From
one measurement to the next, cholesterol levels can vary by about 10%, and triglyceride levels can vary by up to 25%. Lipid levels may be
• Too high (Dyslipidemia)
• Too low (Hypolipidemia)
Abnormal lipid levels may be because of the alterations that occur with aging,
diverse disorders (including inherited ones), use of certain drugs, or lifestyle (following a diet high in saturated fat, being physically inactive, or being overweight).
Abnormal levels of cholesterol can direct to long-term problems, such as atherosclerosis. In general, a high total cholesterol level (which includes LDL, HDL, and
VLDL cholesterol), particularly a high level of LDL (the “bad”) cholesterol,
increases the risk of atherosclerosis and thus the risk of heart attack or stroke.
However, not all types of cholesterol add to this risk. High levels of HDL (the
“good”) cholesterol may reduce the threat, and on the other hand, a low level of
HDL cholesterol may add to risk. Hypocholesterolemia is the occurrence of unusually low levels of cholesterol in the blood. A deficiency in the body’s manufacture
of cholesterol can direct to unfavorable consequences. Cholesterol is a necessary
constituent of mammalian cell membranes and is necessary to set up proper membrane permeability and fluidity. It is not clear if a lower than average cholesterol
level is directly detrimental; it is frequently encountered in particular illnesses.
References
Alabdulkarim, B., Bakeet, Z. A. N., & Arzoo, S. (2012). Role of some functional lipids in preventing diseases and promoting health. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 24, 319–329.
Amir, H., Karas, M., Giat, J., Danilenko, M., Levy, R., & Yermiahu, T. (1998). Lycopene and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction
of differentiation in HL-60 leukemic cells. Nutrition and Cancer, 33, 105–112.
Awad, A. B., Fink, C. S., Williams, H., & Kim, U. (2002). In vitro and in vivo (SCID mice)
effects of phytosterols on the growth and dissemination of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.
European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10(6), 507–513.
Benavente-García, O., & Castillo, J. (2008). Dietary flavonoids as cancer prevention agents. Update
on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and
anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(15), 6185–6205.
Boukhris, M., Bouaziz, M., Feki, I., Jemai, H., Feki, A. E., & Sami, S. (2012). Hypoglycemic and
antioxidant effects of leaf essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. In alloxan induced
diabetic rats. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11, 81.
De Sousa, E., Zanatta, L., Seifriz, I., Creczynski-Pasa, T. B., Pizzolatti, M. G., Szpoganicz, B., &
Silva, F. R. M. B. (2004). Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O(α)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves. Journal of Natural Products, 67(5), 829–832.
G. J. Swamy et al.
very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and highdensity lipoproteins (HDL). Cholesterol elated by LDL is called LDL cholesterol,
and cholesterol circulated by HDL is called HDL cholesterol. The body can control
lipoprotein levels by adjusting the production rate of lipoproteins. The body can
also normalize how swiftly lipoproteins penetrate and leave the bloodstream. From
one measurement to the next, cholesterol levels can vary by about 10%, and triglyceride levels can vary by up to 25%. Lipid levels may be
• Too high (Dyslipidemia)
• Too low (Hypolipidemia)
Abnormal lipid levels may be because of the alterations that occur with aging,
diverse disorders (including inherited ones), use of certain drugs, or lifestyle (following a diet high in saturated fat, being physically inactive, or being overweight).
Abnormal levels of cholesterol can direct to long-term problems, such as atherosclerosis. In general, a high total cholesterol level (which includes LDL, HDL, and
VLDL cholesterol), particularly a high level of LDL (the “bad”) cholesterol,
increases the risk of atherosclerosis and thus the risk of heart attack or stroke.
However, not all types of cholesterol add to this risk. High levels of HDL (the
“good”) cholesterol may reduce the threat, and on the other hand, a low level of
HDL cholesterol may add to risk. Hypocholesterolemia is the occurrence of unusually low levels of cholesterol in the blood. A deficiency in the body’s manufacture
of cholesterol can direct to unfavorable consequences. Cholesterol is a necessary
constituent of mammalian cell membranes and is necessary to set up proper membrane permeability and fluidity. It is not clear if a lower than average cholesterol
level is directly detrimental; it is frequently encountered in particular illnesses.
References
Alabdulkarim, B., Bakeet, Z. A. N., & Arzoo, S. (2012). Role of some functional lipids in preventing diseases and promoting health. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 24, 319–329.
Amir, H., Karas, M., Giat, J., Danilenko, M., Levy, R., & Yermiahu, T. (1998). Lycopene and
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 cooperate in the inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction
of differentiation in HL-60 leukemic cells. Nutrition and Cancer, 33, 105–112.
Awad, A. B., Fink, C. S., Williams, H., & Kim, U. (2002). In vitro and in vivo (SCID mice)
effects of phytosterols on the growth and dissemination of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells.
European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 10(6), 507–513.
Benavente-García, O., & Castillo, J. (2008). Dietary flavonoids as cancer prevention agents. Update
on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and
anti-inflammatory activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(15), 6185–6205.
Boukhris, M., Bouaziz, M., Feki, I., Jemai, H., Feki, A. E., & Sami, S. (2012). Hypoglycemic and
antioxidant effects of leaf essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. In alloxan induced
diabetic rats. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11, 81.
De Sousa, E., Zanatta, L., Seifriz, I., Creczynski-Pasa, T. B., Pizzolatti, M. G., Szpoganicz, B., &
Silva, F. R. M. B. (2004). Hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential of kaempferol-3,7-O(α)-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata leaves. Journal of Natural Products, 67(5), 829–832.
G. J. Swamy et al.