332
Conclusion
Commercial-scale enzyme catalysis has been implemented in several industries
such as food, chemical and pharmaceutical. Microbial enzymes are the preferred
source to plants or animals due to their economic feasibility, high yields, consistency, ease of product modification and optimization, regular supply due to absence
of seasonal fluctuations, rapid growth of microbes on inexpensive media, stability,
and greater catalytic activity. In comparison with plant and animal enzymes, microbial enzymes can be produced very effectively by different fermentation techniques
like solid-state and submerged fermentations. It is also easy to produce microbial
enzymes on a large scale. The recombinant DNA technology has further improved
production processes and helped to produce enzymes commercially that could not
be produced previously. Global market for exogenous/commercial enzymes is
expanding rapidly and this has given enzyme engineering particularly enzyme
immobilization a prime importance in production of biocatalyst with improved
properties.
References
Abd-Elhalem, B. T., El-Sawy, M., Gamal, R. F., & Abou-Taleb, K. A. (2015). Production of
amylases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens under submerged fermentation using some agroindustrial by-products. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 60(2), 193–202.
Abdeshahian, P., Samat, N., Hamid, A. A., & Yusoff, W. M. W. (2010). Utilization of palm kernel
cake for production of β-mannanase by Aspergillus niger FTCC 5003 in solid substrate fermentation using an aerated column bioreactor. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology,
37(1), 103.
Agarwal, S., & Sahu, S. (2014). Safety and regulatory aspects of food enzymes: An industrial
perspective. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(6),
253–267.
Alsarrani, A. Q. (2011). Production of Mannan-degrading enzyme by Aspergillus niger. Journal of
Taibah University for Science, 5(1), 1–6.
Anisa, S. K., & Girish, K. (2014). Pectinolytic activity of Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma viride.
International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology, 4(2), 28–31.
Anjani, K., Kailasapathy, K., & Phillips, M. (2007). Microencapsulation of enzymes for potential
application in acceleration of cheese ripening. International Dairy Journal, 17(1), 79–86.
Anto, H., Trivedi, U. B., & Patel, K. C. (2006). Glucoamylase production by solid-state fermentation using rice flake manufacturing waste products as substrate. Bioresource Technology,
97(10), 1161–1166.
Antoine, A. A., Jacqueline, D., & Thonart, P. (2010). Xylanase production by Penicillium canescens on soya oil cake in solid-state fermentation. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,
160(1), 50–62.
Anwar, A., & Saleemuddin, M. (2000). Alkaline protease from Spilosoma oblique: Potential applications in bio-formulations. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 31(2), 85–89.
Ariffin, H., Abdullah, N., UmiKalsom, M. S., Shirai, Y., & Hassan, M. A. (2006). Production and
characterization of cellulase by Bacillus pumilus EB3. International Journal of Engineering
and Technology, 3(1), 47–53.
S. Farooq et al.
Conclusion
Commercial-scale enzyme catalysis has been implemented in several industries
such as food, chemical and pharmaceutical. Microbial enzymes are the preferred
source to plants or animals due to their economic feasibility, high yields, consistency, ease of product modification and optimization, regular supply due to absence
of seasonal fluctuations, rapid growth of microbes on inexpensive media, stability,
and greater catalytic activity. In comparison with plant and animal enzymes, microbial enzymes can be produced very effectively by different fermentation techniques
like solid-state and submerged fermentations. It is also easy to produce microbial
enzymes on a large scale. The recombinant DNA technology has further improved
production processes and helped to produce enzymes commercially that could not
be produced previously. Global market for exogenous/commercial enzymes is
expanding rapidly and this has given enzyme engineering particularly enzyme
immobilization a prime importance in production of biocatalyst with improved
properties.
References
Abd-Elhalem, B. T., El-Sawy, M., Gamal, R. F., & Abou-Taleb, K. A. (2015). Production of
amylases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens under submerged fermentation using some agroindustrial by-products. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 60(2), 193–202.
Abdeshahian, P., Samat, N., Hamid, A. A., & Yusoff, W. M. W. (2010). Utilization of palm kernel
cake for production of β-mannanase by Aspergillus niger FTCC 5003 in solid substrate fermentation using an aerated column bioreactor. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology,
37(1), 103.
Agarwal, S., & Sahu, S. (2014). Safety and regulatory aspects of food enzymes: An industrial
perspective. International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(6),
253–267.
Alsarrani, A. Q. (2011). Production of Mannan-degrading enzyme by Aspergillus niger. Journal of
Taibah University for Science, 5(1), 1–6.
Anisa, S. K., & Girish, K. (2014). Pectinolytic activity of Rhizopus sp. and Trichoderma viride.
International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology, 4(2), 28–31.
Anjani, K., Kailasapathy, K., & Phillips, M. (2007). Microencapsulation of enzymes for potential
application in acceleration of cheese ripening. International Dairy Journal, 17(1), 79–86.
Anto, H., Trivedi, U. B., & Patel, K. C. (2006). Glucoamylase production by solid-state fermentation using rice flake manufacturing waste products as substrate. Bioresource Technology,
97(10), 1161–1166.
Antoine, A. A., Jacqueline, D., & Thonart, P. (2010). Xylanase production by Penicillium canescens on soya oil cake in solid-state fermentation. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,
160(1), 50–62.
Anwar, A., & Saleemuddin, M. (2000). Alkaline protease from Spilosoma oblique: Potential applications in bio-formulations. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 31(2), 85–89.
Ariffin, H., Abdullah, N., UmiKalsom, M. S., Shirai, Y., & Hassan, M. A. (2006). Production and
characterization of cellulase by Bacillus pumilus EB3. International Journal of Engineering
and Technology, 3(1), 47–53.
S. Farooq et al.