278 11 Mechanical Properties
The addition of graphene oxide to polyimide to obtain composites led to a material of high strength. The highest strength was obtained by adding 3 wt%; higher
additions reduced the strength. This is a similar phenomenon as was found for
carbon nanotubes (see Figure 11.31). The maximal strength of about 800 MPa is
about 40 times higher than the best values obtained with additions of comparable
amounts of carbon nanotubes to a polymer. Compared with the unfilled polyimide,
the increase of the strength is ten-fold; an even higher increase is observed for the
Young’s modulus. These first results are extremely promising.
References
1 Karch, J., Birringer, R., and Gleiter, H.
(1987) Nature, 330, 556.
2 Valiev, R.Z., Islamgaliev, R.K., and
Alexandrov, I.V. (2000) Prog. Mater. Sci.,
45, 103–189.
3 Nieman, G.W., Weertman, R.W., and
Siegel, R.W. (1990) Scr. Met. Mater., 24,
145–150.
4 Meyers, M.A., Mishra, A., and Benson,
D.J. (2006) Prog. Mater. Sci., 51, 427–556.
5 Youngdahl, J., Sanders, P.G., and
Eastman, J.R. (1997) Scr. Mater., 37,
809–813.
6 MacKenzie, J.K. (1950) Proc. Phys. Soc.,
63, 2–11.
7 Sanders, P.G., Eastman, J.A., and
Weertmann, J.R. (1997) Acta Mater., 45,
4019–4025.
8 Chokshi, A.H., Rosen, A., Karch, J., and
Gleiter, H. (1989) Scr. Mater., 23,
1679–1684.
9 Chang, H., Altstetter, C.J., and Averback,
R.S. (1992) J. Mater. Res., 7, 2962–2979.
10 Siegel, R., and Fougere, G.E. (1995)
NanoStructured Mater., 6, 205–216.
11 Kim, H.S., Estrin, Y., and Bush, M.B.
(2000) Acta Mater., 48, 493–504.
12 Ashby, M.F., and Verall, R.A. (1973) Acta
Mater., 21, 149–163.
13 McFadden, S.X., Valiev, R.Z., and
Mukherjee, A.K. (2001) Mater. Sci. Eng.,
A319–321, 849–853.
14 Mishra, R.S., Stolyarov, V.V., Echer, C.,
Valiev, R.Z., and Mukherjee, A.K. (2001)
Mater. Sci. Eng., A298, 44–50.
15 Betz, U., Padmanabhan, K.A., and Hahn,
H. (2001) J. Mater. Sci., 36, 5811–5821.
16 Jordan, J., Jacob, K.I., Tannenbaum, R.,
Sharaf, M.A., and Jasiuk, I. (2005) Mater.
Sci. Eng. A, 393, 1–11.
17 Gao, H., Ji, B., Jäger, I.L., Arzt, E., and
Fratzl, P. (2003) PNAS, 100, 5597–5600.
18 Reynaud, E., Jouen, T., Gautheir, C.,
and Vigier, G. (2001) Polymer, 42,
8759–8768.
19 Fu, X., and Qutubuddin, S. (2001)
Polymer, 42, 807–813.
20 Gloaguen, J.M., and Lefebvre, J.M. (2001)
Polymer, 42, 5841–5847.
21 Alexandre, M., and Dubois, P. (2000)
Mater. Sci. Eng., 28, 1–63.
22 Liu, X., and Wu, Q. (2001) Polymer, 42,
10013–10019.
23 Gilman, J.W., Jackson, C.L., Morgan,
A.B., Harris, R., Jr., Manias, E.,
Giannelis, E.P., Wuthenow, M., Hilton,
D., and Phillips, S.H. (2000) Chem.
Mater., 12, 1866–1873. Figure 5.
24 Yu, M.-F., Files, B.S., Arepalle, S., and
Ruoff, R.S. (2000) Phys. Rev. Lett., 84,
5552–5555.
25 Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W., and Hone,
J. (2008) Science, 321, 385–388.
26 Li, Y., Wang, K., Wei, J., Gu, Z., Wang,
Z., Luo, J., and Wu, D. (2005) Carbon, 43,
31–35.
27 Dalton, A.B., Collins, S., Muñoz, E.,
Razal, J.M., Ebron, V.H., Ferraris, J.P.,
Coleman, J.N., Kim, B.G., and
Baughman, R.H. (2003) Nature, 423,
703–703.
28 Wang, J.Y., Yang, S.Y., Huang, Y.L.,
Tien, H.W., Chin, W.K., and Ma, C.C.
(2011) J. Mater. Chem., 21, 13569–13575.
The addition of graphene oxide to polyimide to obtain composites led to a material of high strength. The highest strength was obtained by adding 3 wt%; higher
additions reduced the strength. This is a similar phenomenon as was found for
carbon nanotubes (see Figure 11.31). The maximal strength of about 800 MPa is
about 40 times higher than the best values obtained with additions of comparable
amounts of carbon nanotubes to a polymer. Compared with the unfilled polyimide,
the increase of the strength is ten-fold; an even higher increase is observed for the
Young’s modulus. These first results are extremely promising.
References
1 Karch, J., Birringer, R., and Gleiter, H.
(1987) Nature, 330, 556.
2 Valiev, R.Z., Islamgaliev, R.K., and
Alexandrov, I.V. (2000) Prog. Mater. Sci.,
45, 103–189.
3 Nieman, G.W., Weertman, R.W., and
Siegel, R.W. (1990) Scr. Met. Mater., 24,
145–150.
4 Meyers, M.A., Mishra, A., and Benson,
D.J. (2006) Prog. Mater. Sci., 51, 427–556.
5 Youngdahl, J., Sanders, P.G., and
Eastman, J.R. (1997) Scr. Mater., 37,
809–813.
6 MacKenzie, J.K. (1950) Proc. Phys. Soc.,
63, 2–11.
7 Sanders, P.G., Eastman, J.A., and
Weertmann, J.R. (1997) Acta Mater., 45,
4019–4025.
8 Chokshi, A.H., Rosen, A., Karch, J., and
Gleiter, H. (1989) Scr. Mater., 23,
1679–1684.
9 Chang, H., Altstetter, C.J., and Averback,
R.S. (1992) J. Mater. Res., 7, 2962–2979.
10 Siegel, R., and Fougere, G.E. (1995)
NanoStructured Mater., 6, 205–216.
11 Kim, H.S., Estrin, Y., and Bush, M.B.
(2000) Acta Mater., 48, 493–504.
12 Ashby, M.F., and Verall, R.A. (1973) Acta
Mater., 21, 149–163.
13 McFadden, S.X., Valiev, R.Z., and
Mukherjee, A.K. (2001) Mater. Sci. Eng.,
A319–321, 849–853.
14 Mishra, R.S., Stolyarov, V.V., Echer, C.,
Valiev, R.Z., and Mukherjee, A.K. (2001)
Mater. Sci. Eng., A298, 44–50.
15 Betz, U., Padmanabhan, K.A., and Hahn,
H. (2001) J. Mater. Sci., 36, 5811–5821.
16 Jordan, J., Jacob, K.I., Tannenbaum, R.,
Sharaf, M.A., and Jasiuk, I. (2005) Mater.
Sci. Eng. A, 393, 1–11.
17 Gao, H., Ji, B., Jäger, I.L., Arzt, E., and
Fratzl, P. (2003) PNAS, 100, 5597–5600.
18 Reynaud, E., Jouen, T., Gautheir, C.,
and Vigier, G. (2001) Polymer, 42,
8759–8768.
19 Fu, X., and Qutubuddin, S. (2001)
Polymer, 42, 807–813.
20 Gloaguen, J.M., and Lefebvre, J.M. (2001)
Polymer, 42, 5841–5847.
21 Alexandre, M., and Dubois, P. (2000)
Mater. Sci. Eng., 28, 1–63.
22 Liu, X., and Wu, Q. (2001) Polymer, 42,
10013–10019.
23 Gilman, J.W., Jackson, C.L., Morgan,
A.B., Harris, R., Jr., Manias, E.,
Giannelis, E.P., Wuthenow, M., Hilton,
D., and Phillips, S.H. (2000) Chem.
Mater., 12, 1866–1873. Figure 5.
24 Yu, M.-F., Files, B.S., Arepalle, S., and
Ruoff, R.S. (2000) Phys. Rev. Lett., 84,
5552–5555.
25 Lee, C., Wei, X., Kysar, J.W., and Hone,
J. (2008) Science, 321, 385–388.
26 Li, Y., Wang, K., Wei, J., Gu, Z., Wang,
Z., Luo, J., and Wu, D. (2005) Carbon, 43,
31–35.
27 Dalton, A.B., Collins, S., Muñoz, E.,
Razal, J.M., Ebron, V.H., Ferraris, J.P.,
Coleman, J.N., Kim, B.G., and
Baughman, R.H. (2003) Nature, 423,
703–703.
28 Wang, J.Y., Yang, S.Y., Huang, Y.L.,
Tien, H.W., Chin, W.K., and Ma, C.C.
(2011) J. Mater. Chem., 21, 13569–13575.