424
Y. Bolbukh et al.
was found for endothermic process on the partially methylated surface (methylated
silica with modification degree 30%) and for composite based on aminated silica
with a modification degree of 100% (Table 26.3). Both these samples are partially
hydrophobic. And taking into account that on the methyl-aminated surface the
enthalpy of endo-effect decreases, it can be assumed that there is a certain optimum
of the hydrophilicity degree, which ensures the structuring of the polymer layer.
26.4 Conclusion
In general, the results characterizing the silica/lignin composites indicate that
formation of the adsorbed polymer layer can be controlled by functionality of
the carrier surface. It was found that characteristics of the lignin immobilized on
silica surface are differing from lignin in volume. The parameters of degradation,
relaxation, and phase transitions are determined by structure and functionality of the
silica surface layer. Silica with silicon hydride groups promotes a structuration and
compression of the polymer layer; on the other hand, amino groups caused the layer
loosening. Analysis of DSC data using the different techniques confirms the strong
influence of moisture inside lignin and water on the silica surface on the structure of
immobilized polymer, especially on hydrated silica surface and methylated silicas.
The presence of functional groups that can chemically react with lignin has great
impact on degradation process that can be used in the future for elaboration of the.
Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the People
Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
FP7/2007-2013 under REA grant agreement no. PIRSES-GA-2013-612484.
Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
1. Calvo-Flores FG, Dobado JA, Isac-García J, Martín-Martínez FJ (2015) Lignin and Lignans as
renewable raw materials. Chemistry. Technology and applications. Wiley, Hoboken
2. Lee HV, Hamid SBA, Zain SK (2014) Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to nanocellulose:
structure and chemical process. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/631013
3. Qin Y, Mo W, Yu L, Yang D, Qiu X (2016) A light-colored hydroxypropyl sulfonated alkali
lignin for utilization as a dye dispersant. Holzforschung 70:109–116
4. Albadarin AB, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Al-laqtah NA, Walker GM, Allen SJ, Ahmad MNM (2011)
Biosorption of toxic chromium from aqueous phase by lignin: mechanism, effect of other metal
ions and salts. Chem Eng J 169:20–30
5. Klapiszewski Ł, Bartczak P, Wysokowski M, Jankowska M, Kabat K, Jesionowski T (2015)
Silica conjugated with kraft lignin and its use as a novel ‘green’ sorbent for hazardous metal
ions removal. Chem Eng J 260:684–693
6. Mohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical
review. Energy Fuel 20(3):848–889
Y. Bolbukh et al.
was found for endothermic process on the partially methylated surface (methylated
silica with modification degree 30%) and for composite based on aminated silica
with a modification degree of 100% (Table 26.3). Both these samples are partially
hydrophobic. And taking into account that on the methyl-aminated surface the
enthalpy of endo-effect decreases, it can be assumed that there is a certain optimum
of the hydrophilicity degree, which ensures the structuring of the polymer layer.
26.4 Conclusion
In general, the results characterizing the silica/lignin composites indicate that
formation of the adsorbed polymer layer can be controlled by functionality of
the carrier surface. It was found that characteristics of the lignin immobilized on
silica surface are differing from lignin in volume. The parameters of degradation,
relaxation, and phase transitions are determined by structure and functionality of the
silica surface layer. Silica with silicon hydride groups promotes a structuration and
compression of the polymer layer; on the other hand, amino groups caused the layer
loosening. Analysis of DSC data using the different techniques confirms the strong
influence of moisture inside lignin and water on the silica surface on the structure of
immobilized polymer, especially on hydrated silica surface and methylated silicas.
The presence of functional groups that can chemically react with lignin has great
impact on degradation process that can be used in the future for elaboration of the.
Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the People
Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme
FP7/2007-2013 under REA grant agreement no. PIRSES-GA-2013-612484.
Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
1. Calvo-Flores FG, Dobado JA, Isac-García J, Martín-Martínez FJ (2015) Lignin and Lignans as
renewable raw materials. Chemistry. Technology and applications. Wiley, Hoboken
2. Lee HV, Hamid SBA, Zain SK (2014) Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to nanocellulose:
structure and chemical process. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/631013
3. Qin Y, Mo W, Yu L, Yang D, Qiu X (2016) A light-colored hydroxypropyl sulfonated alkali
lignin for utilization as a dye dispersant. Holzforschung 70:109–116
4. Albadarin AB, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Al-laqtah NA, Walker GM, Allen SJ, Ahmad MNM (2011)
Biosorption of toxic chromium from aqueous phase by lignin: mechanism, effect of other metal
ions and salts. Chem Eng J 169:20–30
5. Klapiszewski Ł, Bartczak P, Wysokowski M, Jankowska M, Kabat K, Jesionowski T (2015)
Silica conjugated with kraft lignin and its use as a novel ‘green’ sorbent for hazardous metal
ions removal. Chem Eng J 260:684–693
6. Mohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical
review. Energy Fuel 20(3):848–889