Spatial Disparity in Access to Improved
Source of Drinking Water and Sanitation
Facility: A District-Level Assessment
in India
Amitha Puranik, Nilima, and Sushmitha Prabhu
Abstract More than one billion people worldwide are deprived of basic facilities
including clean water sources and sanitation. Although many countries achieved
progress through the millennium development goal, countries in South Asia like
India still face the problem. More than 163 million people in India do not have
access to clean water. Out of the 60% of the world population without access to
drinking water, India tops the list by contributing 19.33%. Poor sanitation not only
has a direct influence on well-being but also has an indirect impact on the living
conditions, reduced education outcomes, and poverty. As of 2018, about 8% of the
population in India still do not have access to an improved sanitation facility. The
present study aims to assess the presence of spatial clustering in the proportion
of households with access to an improved source of drinking water and sanitation
facility at the district-level in India, using the data from national surveys. The study
also aims at the temporal assessment of the clustering pattern during the period
of 2007–2008 and 2015–2016. Spatial analytical techniques such as exploratory
mapping and spatial cluster analysis are performed. The findings of this study are
useful in locating the districts that lack access to an improved source of drinking water
and sanitation facility. This information can further help in implementing targeted
intervention programs to achieve the sustainable development goal of clean water
and sanitation by 2030.
Keywords Drinking water · Getis-Ord Gi* · Public health · Sanitation · Spatial
analysis
A. Puranik (B)
Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
e-mail: amitha.puranik@manipal.edu
Nilima
Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
S. Prabhu
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
C. Bhuiyan et al. (eds.), Water Security and Sustainability,
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 115,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9805-0_14
169
Source of Drinking Water and Sanitation
Facility: A District-Level Assessment
in India
Amitha Puranik, Nilima, and Sushmitha Prabhu
Abstract More than one billion people worldwide are deprived of basic facilities
including clean water sources and sanitation. Although many countries achieved
progress through the millennium development goal, countries in South Asia like
India still face the problem. More than 163 million people in India do not have
access to clean water. Out of the 60% of the world population without access to
drinking water, India tops the list by contributing 19.33%. Poor sanitation not only
has a direct influence on well-being but also has an indirect impact on the living
conditions, reduced education outcomes, and poverty. As of 2018, about 8% of the
population in India still do not have access to an improved sanitation facility. The
present study aims to assess the presence of spatial clustering in the proportion
of households with access to an improved source of drinking water and sanitation
facility at the district-level in India, using the data from national surveys. The study
also aims at the temporal assessment of the clustering pattern during the period
of 2007–2008 and 2015–2016. Spatial analytical techniques such as exploratory
mapping and spatial cluster analysis are performed. The findings of this study are
useful in locating the districts that lack access to an improved source of drinking water
and sanitation facility. This information can further help in implementing targeted
intervention programs to achieve the sustainable development goal of clean water
and sanitation by 2030.
Keywords Drinking water · Getis-Ord Gi* · Public health · Sanitation · Spatial
analysis
A. Puranik (B)
Department of Data Science, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
e-mail: amitha.puranik@manipal.edu
Nilima
Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
S. Prabhu
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
C. Bhuiyan et al. (eds.), Water Security and Sustainability,
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 115,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9805-0_14
169