684
4.3 Water Hyacinth as a Source of Fuel
Due to increase in energy demand with increase in population all over the world and
depletion of fossil fuel, the researchers have focussed on the renewable energy
sources. Over-exploitation of crude oil and coal and ever-increasing demand of
energy necessitate the finding of alternative fuel sources. Bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen and high calorific fuel (HCF) are considered as important renewable energy
sources, and lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized for producing such renewable
products. Minimization of waste like water hyacinth by utilizing this biomass for
production of renewable energy source can become critical benefaction in achieving
sustainable development goals. Three stages such as pre-treatment, hydrolysis and
fermentation are involved in producing bioethanol from water hyacinth [10].
Figures 4 and 5 represent cause-and-effect diagram for bioethanol and biogas production, respectively, from Eichhornia crassipes.
Eichhornia crassipes is regarded as the potential source of biogas. The production of biohydrogen is eco-friendly, and anaerobic microorganisms are used from
organic waste [13]. In addition, combustion of biohydrogen produces water and
heat and has a higher energy output, i.e. 122 kJ/g. Details of work conducted in this
field are summarized in Table 3.
Production of biohydrogen followed by biomethane from waste of Saccharum
officinarum and Eichhornia crassipes in batch and continuous operations was
achieved by Kumari and Das [73]. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pre-treated with
solution having 1% w/v caustic soda and 2.5% v/v H 2 O 2 . Hydrolysis of SCB was
done with aqueous solution containing citrate buffer which was supplied with cellulase from Trichoderma reesei. By pre-treatment and hydrolysis, lignin was
reduced to 89 ± 3% (w/w). Biohydrogen was produced by mixing 10 g/L hydrolysed SCB with varying concentration (5–25 g/L) of water hyacinth (WH) in batch
mode. The cumulative gas production of 111.6 ± 1.9 mL/g COD and biohydrogen
production of 72.5 ± 1.3 mL/g COD with SCB-WH ratio of 1:2 was observed for
batch mode. In continuous process, maximum biohydrogen yield of 303 mL/g COD
in 8 h of hydraulic retention time was observed, while 142 mL/g COD biomethane
yield was observed in 240 h of hydraulic retention period.
Gao et al. [74] have focussed on the influence of ionic liquid with co-solvent on
morphology of plant material as well as quality and quantity of biogas generated
from Eichhornia crassipes. Ionic liquid (1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium)
[Bmim]Cl and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as co-solvent were used for delignifying the biomass. Pre-treatment by [Bmim]Cl/DMSO has decreased the crystallinity
of biomass structure, and porosity of the surface was increased. Removal of lignin
in the range of 27.1–60.4% has assisted in the increase in biomass production in the
range of 16.3–97.6% upon treating the biomass at 120 °C for 120 min. [Bmim]Cl/
DMSO recovery has been found to be 90% employing two-phase aqueous solution
having K 3 PO 4 .
P. V. Ganorkar et al.
4.3 Water Hyacinth as a Source of Fuel
Due to increase in energy demand with increase in population all over the world and
depletion of fossil fuel, the researchers have focussed on the renewable energy
sources. Over-exploitation of crude oil and coal and ever-increasing demand of
energy necessitate the finding of alternative fuel sources. Bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen and high calorific fuel (HCF) are considered as important renewable energy
sources, and lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized for producing such renewable
products. Minimization of waste like water hyacinth by utilizing this biomass for
production of renewable energy source can become critical benefaction in achieving
sustainable development goals. Three stages such as pre-treatment, hydrolysis and
fermentation are involved in producing bioethanol from water hyacinth [10].
Figures 4 and 5 represent cause-and-effect diagram for bioethanol and biogas production, respectively, from Eichhornia crassipes.
Eichhornia crassipes is regarded as the potential source of biogas. The production of biohydrogen is eco-friendly, and anaerobic microorganisms are used from
organic waste [13]. In addition, combustion of biohydrogen produces water and
heat and has a higher energy output, i.e. 122 kJ/g. Details of work conducted in this
field are summarized in Table 3.
Production of biohydrogen followed by biomethane from waste of Saccharum
officinarum and Eichhornia crassipes in batch and continuous operations was
achieved by Kumari and Das [73]. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was pre-treated with
solution having 1% w/v caustic soda and 2.5% v/v H 2 O 2 . Hydrolysis of SCB was
done with aqueous solution containing citrate buffer which was supplied with cellulase from Trichoderma reesei. By pre-treatment and hydrolysis, lignin was
reduced to 89 ± 3% (w/w). Biohydrogen was produced by mixing 10 g/L hydrolysed SCB with varying concentration (5–25 g/L) of water hyacinth (WH) in batch
mode. The cumulative gas production of 111.6 ± 1.9 mL/g COD and biohydrogen
production of 72.5 ± 1.3 mL/g COD with SCB-WH ratio of 1:2 was observed for
batch mode. In continuous process, maximum biohydrogen yield of 303 mL/g COD
in 8 h of hydraulic retention time was observed, while 142 mL/g COD biomethane
yield was observed in 240 h of hydraulic retention period.
Gao et al. [74] have focussed on the influence of ionic liquid with co-solvent on
morphology of plant material as well as quality and quantity of biogas generated
from Eichhornia crassipes. Ionic liquid (1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium)
[Bmim]Cl and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as co-solvent were used for delignifying the biomass. Pre-treatment by [Bmim]Cl/DMSO has decreased the crystallinity
of biomass structure, and porosity of the surface was increased. Removal of lignin
in the range of 27.1–60.4% has assisted in the increase in biomass production in the
range of 16.3–97.6% upon treating the biomass at 120 °C for 120 min. [Bmim]Cl/
DMSO recovery has been found to be 90% employing two-phase aqueous solution
having K 3 PO 4 .
P. V. Ganorkar et al.