633
unsaturated alcohols due to thermodynamically and kinetically favorable hydrogenation of C=C bonds rather than C=O bond. The addition of a secondary metal to
the active phase is a desirable approach to promote the activity and selectivity and
reduce the cost of the catalysts [57–60]. Following a similar methodology, various
studies have been conducted to improve the FA hydrogenation performance over
inexpensive Ni by designing its electronic structures. For example, Ni-based alloys,
such as Ni-Fe, Ni-In, Ni-Sn, Cu-Ni, and Ni-Pd, exhibit better catalytic performance
than with their single metal counterpart [61–65]. The catalyst support also plays an
important role in the hydrogenation of FUR reaction [44, 66]. Supports often include
Lewis acids, basic metal oxides, and base metal carbonates, which assist in
Table 3 Summary of hydrogenation of FUR with different catalysts
Reaction condition
Reactant Product Catalyst
Performance
Refs.
Conversion
(%)
Yield
(%)
413 K, 3 h, 3 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
5 wt% Pd/
MCM-41
~50
~30
[44]
275 K, 1 h, 8 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
4 wt% Ir/SiO 2
14
13.4 [48]
463 K, 5 h, H 2
flow = 10 mL min
−1
FUR
FAL
2.5 wt%
Ni-Sep-a
84
85
[49]
423 K, 6 h, 0.5 MPa N 2
FUR
FAL
Co-N-C-700
100
99.9 [51]
383 K, 2.5 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Cu 0.4 Mg 5.6 Al 2
100
99.5 [52]
423 K, 6 h
FUR
FAL
Co 3 O 4 -Al 2 O 3
76
74
[53]
443 K, 0.5 h
FUR
FAL
NiO
98.9
94.4 [54]
393 K, 3 h
FUR
FAL
NiO(P)-300
97.3
94.2 [55]
298 K, 12 h, 0.1 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Pd 1 Ag 1 /C
99
94
[58]
443 K, 3 h, N 2 atm
FUR
FAL
Cu-Pd/C
100
98.1 [59]
453 K, 5 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Cu 1 Co 5
100
38.1 [60]
423 K, 2 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Fe 50 Ni 50 /SiO 2
100
74
[61]
453 K, 3 h, 3 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Ni-In(2.0)/AlOH 96
92
[62]
373 K, 5 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Ni 3 Sn 2
100
99
[63]
393 K, 12 h, 1.5 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
NiCu 0.33 /C
96.7
90.7 [64]
283 K, 2 h, 5 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Pd/Ni/Ni(OH) 2 /C 100
90.7 [65]
423 K, 1 h, 3 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
1.0% Pd/
MgAlO x (2)
62.9
30.5 [66]
393 K, 1 h, 0.5 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Pt@MT-450
97
93.1 [67]
453 K, 4 h, 2 MPa N 2
FUR
FAL
Ru-Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs 99.4
99.4 [68]
443 K, 6 h, He atm
FUR
FAL
HT_MgFe-3
97
90
[69]
503 K, 4 h
FUR
2-MF
CuNi 2 Al
100
64.8 [70]
453 K, 4 h, 0.1 MPa N 2
FUR
2-MF
Cu 2.5 Zn−Al-600 99
72
[71]
523 K, W/F = 0.1 h, H 2 /
FU = 25, 1 atm
FUR
2-MF 5 wt%
Ni-2wt%Fe/SiO 2
96.3
37.6 [72]
473 K, 14 h, 9 MPa H 2
FUR
2-MF
Cu-Fe (Cu
2+
/
Fe
3+ = 2)
100
51.1 [73]
473 K, 2 h, 3.5 MPa H 2
FUR
2-MF
Cu(5%)−
Ni(0.5%)/TiO 2
99
87
[74]
Efficient Nanocomposite Catalysts for Sustainable Production of Biofuels and…
unsaturated alcohols due to thermodynamically and kinetically favorable hydrogenation of C=C bonds rather than C=O bond. The addition of a secondary metal to
the active phase is a desirable approach to promote the activity and selectivity and
reduce the cost of the catalysts [57–60]. Following a similar methodology, various
studies have been conducted to improve the FA hydrogenation performance over
inexpensive Ni by designing its electronic structures. For example, Ni-based alloys,
such as Ni-Fe, Ni-In, Ni-Sn, Cu-Ni, and Ni-Pd, exhibit better catalytic performance
than with their single metal counterpart [61–65]. The catalyst support also plays an
important role in the hydrogenation of FUR reaction [44, 66]. Supports often include
Lewis acids, basic metal oxides, and base metal carbonates, which assist in
Table 3 Summary of hydrogenation of FUR with different catalysts
Reaction condition
Reactant Product Catalyst
Performance
Refs.
Conversion
(%)
Yield
(%)
413 K, 3 h, 3 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
5 wt% Pd/
MCM-41
~50
~30
[44]
275 K, 1 h, 8 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
4 wt% Ir/SiO 2
14
13.4 [48]
463 K, 5 h, H 2
flow = 10 mL min
−1
FUR
FAL
2.5 wt%
Ni-Sep-a
84
85
[49]
423 K, 6 h, 0.5 MPa N 2
FUR
FAL
Co-N-C-700
100
99.9 [51]
383 K, 2.5 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Cu 0.4 Mg 5.6 Al 2
100
99.5 [52]
423 K, 6 h
FUR
FAL
Co 3 O 4 -Al 2 O 3
76
74
[53]
443 K, 0.5 h
FUR
FAL
NiO
98.9
94.4 [54]
393 K, 3 h
FUR
FAL
NiO(P)-300
97.3
94.2 [55]
298 K, 12 h, 0.1 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Pd 1 Ag 1 /C
99
94
[58]
443 K, 3 h, N 2 atm
FUR
FAL
Cu-Pd/C
100
98.1 [59]
453 K, 5 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Cu 1 Co 5
100
38.1 [60]
423 K, 2 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Fe 50 Ni 50 /SiO 2
100
74
[61]
453 K, 3 h, 3 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Ni-In(2.0)/AlOH 96
92
[62]
373 K, 5 h, 2 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Ni 3 Sn 2
100
99
[63]
393 K, 12 h, 1.5 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
NiCu 0.33 /C
96.7
90.7 [64]
283 K, 2 h, 5 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Pd/Ni/Ni(OH) 2 /C 100
90.7 [65]
423 K, 1 h, 3 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
1.0% Pd/
MgAlO x (2)
62.9
30.5 [66]
393 K, 1 h, 0.5 MPa H 2
FUR
FAL
Pt@MT-450
97
93.1 [67]
453 K, 4 h, 2 MPa N 2
FUR
FAL
Ru-Fe 3 O 4 /CNTs 99.4
99.4 [68]
443 K, 6 h, He atm
FUR
FAL
HT_MgFe-3
97
90
[69]
503 K, 4 h
FUR
2-MF
CuNi 2 Al
100
64.8 [70]
453 K, 4 h, 0.1 MPa N 2
FUR
2-MF
Cu 2.5 Zn−Al-600 99
72
[71]
523 K, W/F = 0.1 h, H 2 /
FU = 25, 1 atm
FUR
2-MF 5 wt%
Ni-2wt%Fe/SiO 2
96.3
37.6 [72]
473 K, 14 h, 9 MPa H 2
FUR
2-MF
Cu-Fe (Cu
2+
/
Fe
3+ = 2)
100
51.1 [73]
473 K, 2 h, 3.5 MPa H 2
FUR
2-MF
Cu(5%)−
Ni(0.5%)/TiO 2
99
87
[74]
Efficient Nanocomposite Catalysts for Sustainable Production of Biofuels and…