36
water gas shift reaction. However, fast pyrolysis needs an outside source of H 2 to
improve the bio-oil properties.
In this chapter, different methods such as zeolite cracking, hydrotreatment, esterification, transesterification, ketonization and others were discussed in detail to
upgrade bio-oil. 2-Methylfuran (2-MF) can be one of the promising fuels to be used
in engines. Furfural can be converted into 2-MF through hydrogenation and HDO
reactions. Copper-based catalysts have been reported as one of the most promising
options to convert furfural into 2-MF in terms of stability and efficiency. However,
this process is not profitable or efficient due to the high cost of solvents, catalysts
and outside sources of hydrogen. These facts can encourage 2-MF production using
TCR process, which may be a more economically viable process and thus has
started to attract more attention as an alternative process route. Overall, this report
showed different potentials for converting wastes into sustainable fuels and useful
energy vectors.
References
1. Gilland B (1995) World-population, economic-growth, and energy demand, 1990–2100—a
review of projections. Popul Dev Rev 21(3):507–539
2. OECD (2016) OECD economic outlook. OECD, Paris
3. Sieminski A (2014) International energy outlook. Energy information administration (EIA),
Washington, DC, p 18
4. Saladini F, Patrizi N, Pulselli FM, Marchettini N, Bastianoni S (2016) Guidelines for
emergy evaluation of first, second and third generation biofuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
66:221–227
5. Easterbrook DJ (2016) Chap. 9—Greenhouse gases. In: Evidence-based climate science, 2nd
edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 163–173
6. Rees RM, Flack S, Maxwell K, Mistry A (2014) Air: Greenhouse gases from Agriculture
A2. In: Van Alfen NK (ed) Encyclopedia of agriculture and food systems. Academic Press,
Oxford, pp 293–304
7. Yang Z, Wei T, Moore JC, Chou J, Dong W, Dai R et al (2016) A new consumption-based
accounting model for greenhouse gases from 1948 to 2012. J Clean Prod 133:368–377
8. Bennaceur K, Gielen D, Kerr T, Tam C (2008) CO2 capture and storage: a key carbon abatement option. OECD, Paris
9. Birol F (2016) Key world energy statistics. International Energy Agency (IEA),
Washington, DC
10. Department for Business EIS (2018) 2018 UK Greenhouse gas emissions, provisional figures. National Statistics, London
11. Demirbas A (2008) Biodiesel. Springer, Berlin
12. McCollum D, Yang C (2009) Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas
emissions: scenario analysis and policy implications. Energy Policy 37(12):5580–5596
13. Chakraborty S, Aggarwal V, Mukherjee D, Andras K (2012) Biomass to biofuel: a review on
production technology. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 7:S254–SS62
14. Nigam PS, Singh A (2011) Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Prog
Energ Combust 37(1):52–68
15. Alonso DM, Bond JQ, Dumesic JA (2010) Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green
Chem 12(9):1493–1513
H. Jahangiri et al.
water gas shift reaction. However, fast pyrolysis needs an outside source of H 2 to
improve the bio-oil properties.
In this chapter, different methods such as zeolite cracking, hydrotreatment, esterification, transesterification, ketonization and others were discussed in detail to
upgrade bio-oil. 2-Methylfuran (2-MF) can be one of the promising fuels to be used
in engines. Furfural can be converted into 2-MF through hydrogenation and HDO
reactions. Copper-based catalysts have been reported as one of the most promising
options to convert furfural into 2-MF in terms of stability and efficiency. However,
this process is not profitable or efficient due to the high cost of solvents, catalysts
and outside sources of hydrogen. These facts can encourage 2-MF production using
TCR process, which may be a more economically viable process and thus has
started to attract more attention as an alternative process route. Overall, this report
showed different potentials for converting wastes into sustainable fuels and useful
energy vectors.
References
1. Gilland B (1995) World-population, economic-growth, and energy demand, 1990–2100—a
review of projections. Popul Dev Rev 21(3):507–539
2. OECD (2016) OECD economic outlook. OECD, Paris
3. Sieminski A (2014) International energy outlook. Energy information administration (EIA),
Washington, DC, p 18
4. Saladini F, Patrizi N, Pulselli FM, Marchettini N, Bastianoni S (2016) Guidelines for
emergy evaluation of first, second and third generation biofuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
66:221–227
5. Easterbrook DJ (2016) Chap. 9—Greenhouse gases. In: Evidence-based climate science, 2nd
edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 163–173
6. Rees RM, Flack S, Maxwell K, Mistry A (2014) Air: Greenhouse gases from Agriculture
A2. In: Van Alfen NK (ed) Encyclopedia of agriculture and food systems. Academic Press,
Oxford, pp 293–304
7. Yang Z, Wei T, Moore JC, Chou J, Dong W, Dai R et al (2016) A new consumption-based
accounting model for greenhouse gases from 1948 to 2012. J Clean Prod 133:368–377
8. Bennaceur K, Gielen D, Kerr T, Tam C (2008) CO2 capture and storage: a key carbon abatement option. OECD, Paris
9. Birol F (2016) Key world energy statistics. International Energy Agency (IEA),
Washington, DC
10. Department for Business EIS (2018) 2018 UK Greenhouse gas emissions, provisional figures. National Statistics, London
11. Demirbas A (2008) Biodiesel. Springer, Berlin
12. McCollum D, Yang C (2009) Achieving deep reductions in US transport greenhouse gas
emissions: scenario analysis and policy implications. Energy Policy 37(12):5580–5596
13. Chakraborty S, Aggarwal V, Mukherjee D, Andras K (2012) Biomass to biofuel: a review on
production technology. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 7:S254–SS62
14. Nigam PS, Singh A (2011) Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Prog
Energ Combust 37(1):52–68
15. Alonso DM, Bond JQ, Dumesic JA (2010) Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green
Chem 12(9):1493–1513
H. Jahangiri et al.