372
given that the boiling points of the reactants and the product near each other with a
narrow margin. This situation becomes tedious in the case of lower molecular
weight alcohols which are in actuality very near in boiling point to levulinic acid.
Also, the generation of the zeolites sometimes requires high-temperature transformations for several hours making the processes highly energetic ones [182].
Decreasing the same using alternative methods is another aspect of research scientists are working upon. The process of desilication is often favored over dealumination for several reasons proposed in the chapter. Stability of the catalyst is a property
that forms a primal importance, as the regeneration of catalyst goes through intensive temperatures as mentioned above. Frutiful results have show that zeolite catalysts have high stability due to which they can withstand temperatures as high as
823 K with an almost the same activity even after two catalytic cycles [182].
Hierarchical zeolites have also been introduced in this chapter, showing a promising future with multimode porosity, high acidity, high catalytic activity, high stability, and optimum yields [187]. This blend shows manifold active sites in the
moieties with adequate pore sizes for the reacting molecules. Several pathways for
their generation were also brought into notice of the readers for further synthesis
pursuits.
With an emphasis on lignocellulose biomass-derived economically viable chemicals instead of the hydrocarbon-based one, increased research in the field is a call
of the hour. Given the manifold advantages of the translational processes involved
outweighing the equally important challenges, several associated industrial sectors
in a larger front will be impacted. Henceforth, further research work employing the
development and design of efficacious solid acid catalysts for the purpose as well as
the understanding of important processes for the decomposition of biomasses into
important derivatives is necessary for an enhanced economical and commercial production of the value-added chemicals being referred to in this chapter.
References
1. Laurijssen J, Marsidi M, Westenbroek A et al (2010) Resources, conservation and recycling
paper and biomass for energy? The impact of paper recycling on energy and CO2 emissions.
Resour Conserv Recycl 54:1208–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.03.016
2. Urbaniec K, Bakker RR (2015) Biomass residues as raw material for dark hydrogen fermentation – a review. Int J Hydrog Energy 40:3648–3658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijhydene.2015.01.073
3. Matti Parikka (2004) Global biomass fuel resources. 27:613–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biombioe.2003.07.005
4. Singh P, Sulaiman O, Hashim R et al (2013) Using biomass residues from oil palm industry
as a raw material for pulp and paper industry: potential benefits and threat to the environment.
Environ Dev Sustain 15:367–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668- 012- 9390- 4
5. Sheldon RA, Sheldon R (2014) Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art several books on catalysis as well. Green Chem 16:950–963. https://doi.
org/10.1039/c3gc41935e
K. C. Maheria et al.
given that the boiling points of the reactants and the product near each other with a
narrow margin. This situation becomes tedious in the case of lower molecular
weight alcohols which are in actuality very near in boiling point to levulinic acid.
Also, the generation of the zeolites sometimes requires high-temperature transformations for several hours making the processes highly energetic ones [182].
Decreasing the same using alternative methods is another aspect of research scientists are working upon. The process of desilication is often favored over dealumination for several reasons proposed in the chapter. Stability of the catalyst is a property
that forms a primal importance, as the regeneration of catalyst goes through intensive temperatures as mentioned above. Frutiful results have show that zeolite catalysts have high stability due to which they can withstand temperatures as high as
823 K with an almost the same activity even after two catalytic cycles [182].
Hierarchical zeolites have also been introduced in this chapter, showing a promising future with multimode porosity, high acidity, high catalytic activity, high stability, and optimum yields [187]. This blend shows manifold active sites in the
moieties with adequate pore sizes for the reacting molecules. Several pathways for
their generation were also brought into notice of the readers for further synthesis
pursuits.
With an emphasis on lignocellulose biomass-derived economically viable chemicals instead of the hydrocarbon-based one, increased research in the field is a call
of the hour. Given the manifold advantages of the translational processes involved
outweighing the equally important challenges, several associated industrial sectors
in a larger front will be impacted. Henceforth, further research work employing the
development and design of efficacious solid acid catalysts for the purpose as well as
the understanding of important processes for the decomposition of biomasses into
important derivatives is necessary for an enhanced economical and commercial production of the value-added chemicals being referred to in this chapter.
References
1. Laurijssen J, Marsidi M, Westenbroek A et al (2010) Resources, conservation and recycling
paper and biomass for energy? The impact of paper recycling on energy and CO2 emissions.
Resour Conserv Recycl 54:1208–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.03.016
2. Urbaniec K, Bakker RR (2015) Biomass residues as raw material for dark hydrogen fermentation – a review. Int J Hydrog Energy 40:3648–3658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijhydene.2015.01.073
3. Matti Parikka (2004) Global biomass fuel resources. 27:613–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biombioe.2003.07.005
4. Singh P, Sulaiman O, Hashim R et al (2013) Using biomass residues from oil palm industry
as a raw material for pulp and paper industry: potential benefits and threat to the environment.
Environ Dev Sustain 15:367–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668- 012- 9390- 4
5. Sheldon RA, Sheldon R (2014) Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art several books on catalysis as well. Green Chem 16:950–963. https://doi.
org/10.1039/c3gc41935e
K. C. Maheria et al.