299
Entry
Catalyst
precursor
Catalyst
Calcination
External
reduction Reaction conditions
Reactivation for
reusable studies
LA or
its
esters
conv.
(%)
Gvl
yield
(%)
Sel.
(%)
Gvl References
12
Cu-Ni-Mg-Al
CLDH
Cu(0)-Ni(0)/
MgAl CLDH
600 °C for
6 h
140 °C for
2 h under
H
2 (30 bar)
140 °C, 30 bar H
2 for 3 h in
dioxane
140 °C for 2 h
under H
2 (30 bar)
100
100
–
[63]
13
Ni-Zr-Al CLDH Ni(0)/
Zr-Al
2 O
3 /NF
CLDH
500 °C for
4 h
600 °C for
2 h in H
2 /
Ar
250 °C and ambient pressure
Continuous process
–
99.5
–
98.2 [64]
14
Ni-Al CLDH
Ni(0)/Al
2 O
3 /
NF CLDH
–
89.7
–
85.3
15
Mg-Al LDH
Mg-Al CLDH 500 °C for
6 h
270 °C under N
2 flow, and in
situ hydrogen transfer from
formic acid
Continuous process
Calcination at
450 °C for 1 h
100
–
98
[65]
16
–
Physical
mixture of
MgO-Al
2 O
3
–
–.
–
74
–
86
17
–
Mg-Al LDH
–
–
–
68
–
95
18
NiO-Al
2 O
3
Ni(0)/Al
2 O
3
400 °C for
4 h
650 °C for
3 h under
H
2 flow
160 °C, 30 bar H
2 for 1 h
–
21.6
–
98–
99
[66]
19
NiO-MgO
Ni(0)/MgO
–
43
–
98–
99
20
Ni-Mg-Al
CLDH
Ni(0)/Mg-Al
CLDH
100
–
>99
21
Ni-Al LDH
Ni(0)/
boehmite
–
–
200 °C, 30 bar H
2 for 6 h
–
100
100
–
[67]
(continued)
Levulinic Acid- and Furan-Based Multifunctional Materials: Opportunities…