298
Table 1 Prior art of LA hydrocyclization to Gvl using LDH-derived catalysts and supported LDH catalysts
Entry
Catalyst
precursor
Catalyst
Calcination
External
reduction Reaction conditions
Reactivation for
reusable studies
LA or
its
esters
conv.
(%)
Gvl
yield
(%)
Sel.
(%)
Gvl References
1
Cu-Cr CLDH
In situ-formed
Cu(0) from
Cu
2+
oxide
under
conditions
Cu-Cr LDH
to Cu-Cr
CLDH at
950 °C for
10 h
–
200 °C, 70 bar H
2 for 10 h in
aqueous medium
550 °C for 3 h
100
90.7% –
[58]
2
Cu-Al CLDH
In situ-formed
Cu(0)
LDH to
CLDH
(oxide form)
at 950 °C for
10 h
–
200 °C, 70 bar H
2 for 10 h in
aqueous medium
–
98.3
87.3
–
[59, 60]
3
Cu-Cr CLDH
In situ-formed
Cu(0)
>99
90.7
–
4
Cu-Fe LDH
In situ-formed
Cu(0)
>99
81.5–
90.1
–
5
Fe-Al LDH
2Fe/Al
2 O
3
–
700 °C for
2.5 h
under H
2
180 °C, 50 bar H
2 for 3 h in
1,4-dioxane medium
–
0.5
–
>99 [61]
6
Cu-Al LDH
2Cu/Al
2 O
3
–
–
2
–
>99
7
Ni-Al LDH
2Ni/Al
2 O
3
–
–
39
–
>99
8
Co-Al LDH
2Co/Al
2 O
3
–
–
43
–
>99
9
Co-Al LDH
4Co/Al
2 O
3
–
External reduction
under H
2 flow
(50 mL/min) at
700 °C for 1 h
100
>99
10
Ni-Cu-Al-Fe
LDH
Ni(0)-Cu(0)/
AlFe LDH
–
500 °C for
3 h under
H
2
140 °C, 20 bar H
2 for 3 h in
methanol
–
100
78.5
–
[62]
11
Ni-Cu-MgAl-Fe LDH
Ni(0)-Cu(0)/
MgAlFe LDH
–
500 °C for 3 h
under H
2
100
98.1
–
S. Gundekari et al.