296
subsequent hydrogenation to Gvl (Scheme 4). Over-hydrogenation results in the
ring opening of Gvl forming 1,4-pentanediol as its product, under acidic conditions.
At higher temperatures, diol undergoes cyclization to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran
(2-MTHF).
Various research groups explored the catalytic hydrocyclization of LA and levulinates to Gvl using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic routes under batch
and continuous flow conditions with molecular hydrogen, alcohols and formic acid
as hydrogen sources [35, 52–57]. The homogeneous catalysts such as complexes of
Ru/Ir/Pd, etc. were found to be quite active for this conversion. However, inherent
Fig. 1 Applications of Gvl in the preparation of polymers and fuel intermediates
Scheme 4 Reaction mechanism for hydrocyclization of LA to Gvl
S. Gundekari et al.
subsequent hydrogenation to Gvl (Scheme 4). Over-hydrogenation results in the
ring opening of Gvl forming 1,4-pentanediol as its product, under acidic conditions.
At higher temperatures, diol undergoes cyclization to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran
(2-MTHF).
Various research groups explored the catalytic hydrocyclization of LA and levulinates to Gvl using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic routes under batch
and continuous flow conditions with molecular hydrogen, alcohols and formic acid
as hydrogen sources [35, 52–57]. The homogeneous catalysts such as complexes of
Ru/Ir/Pd, etc. were found to be quite active for this conversion. However, inherent
Fig. 1 Applications of Gvl in the preparation of polymers and fuel intermediates
Scheme 4 Reaction mechanism for hydrocyclization of LA to Gvl
S. Gundekari et al.