19
On the other hand, a higher proportion of cellulose and hemicellulose benefits
pyrolysis oil properties, making it more suitable as a fuel due to the presence of
arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose and glucose in their composition. The biomass extractives are the non-structural elements (sugars, fatty acids, proteins, phenolics, resin oils and sterols) that can be removed with solvents such as hexane,
ethanol, benzene, toluene and water [126]. Wood extractives lead to a loss of bio-oil
formation and levoglucosan production, and its extraction can cause a reduction of
64% and 34% in oxygen and hydrogen present in the biochar, respectively [127].
Inorganic compounds are converted to ash after thermal reaction, and they promote biomass degradation, charring, water reactions, non-condensable vapour production and a decrease of bio-oil yields [128]. Ash composition and content can
influence the chemical properties and the distribution of the pyrolytic products
[125]. Alkali metals can affect the thermal degradation reactions of pyrolysis, creating macro- polymer substances through the disintegration of monomers (ring breaking) [128].
6 Pyroformer and Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR)
6.1 Pyroformer
Pyroformer is an intermediate pyrolysis system which is patented by Hornung and
Apfelbacher (Fig. 8). This system was one of the first intermediate pyrolysis reactors after the Haloclean rotary kiln system (cycled-spheres reactor) [73]. Pyroformer
Fig. 7 Pyrolysis primary reactions (MW, molecular weight; M, monomer). (Reproduced with
permission from [55], Copyright © 2014, Elsevier)
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce…
On the other hand, a higher proportion of cellulose and hemicellulose benefits
pyrolysis oil properties, making it more suitable as a fuel due to the presence of
arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose and glucose in their composition. The biomass extractives are the non-structural elements (sugars, fatty acids, proteins, phenolics, resin oils and sterols) that can be removed with solvents such as hexane,
ethanol, benzene, toluene and water [126]. Wood extractives lead to a loss of bio-oil
formation and levoglucosan production, and its extraction can cause a reduction of
64% and 34% in oxygen and hydrogen present in the biochar, respectively [127].
Inorganic compounds are converted to ash after thermal reaction, and they promote biomass degradation, charring, water reactions, non-condensable vapour production and a decrease of bio-oil yields [128]. Ash composition and content can
influence the chemical properties and the distribution of the pyrolytic products
[125]. Alkali metals can affect the thermal degradation reactions of pyrolysis, creating macro- polymer substances through the disintegration of monomers (ring breaking) [128].
6 Pyroformer and Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR)
6.1 Pyroformer
Pyroformer is an intermediate pyrolysis system which is patented by Hornung and
Apfelbacher (Fig. 8). This system was one of the first intermediate pyrolysis reactors after the Haloclean rotary kiln system (cycled-spheres reactor) [73]. Pyroformer
Fig. 7 Pyrolysis primary reactions (MW, molecular weight; M, monomer). (Reproduced with
permission from [55], Copyright © 2014, Elsevier)
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce…