225
at different temperature ranges from 400 to 550 °C to provide effective conversion
and improve product efficiency [42, 83–91] (Fig. 10).
Undecylenic acid and heptaldehyde are valuable cosmetics raw materials (C11
and C7 aldehydes are used in soaps, shampoos, talcum powders, and perfume formulations), pharmaceuticals, and polymeric materials [42, 83, 84, 87]. Heptaldehyde
is utilized as an organic solvent for polymers, insecticides, elastic products, resins,
and plastics. Undecylenic acid as a source of bactericides and fungicides.
10- undecenoic acid was an important source for the manufacture of antibiotics and
antitumor medicines. 10-undecenoic acid is also used in the application for Athlete’s
Foot remedy and nylon 11 [3, 4, 6, 43, 92–96].
6.9 Alkali Splitting
Alkali splitting reaction is the most important industrial procedure in which castor
oil and its esters are converted into sebacic acid, and 2-octanol is used in the oleochemical industry. The ricinoleate molecule of castor oil produces sebacic acid and
2-octanol in a batch or continuous procedure with the presence of a large amount of
alkali at high temperature with an effective catalyst [42, 97, 98]. Castor oil and its
ester and alkali with equimolar ratio, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, and 2-octanone are
the main components when the reaction is done at temperature 180–200 °C and long
reaction time [42, 85, 97]. Sebacic acid and 2-octanol are produced with 2:1 ratio of
alkali: methyl ricinoleate at a higher temperature 250–270 °C and with reaction
time for few hours and also find the application in the production of alcohols with
high boiling range [3, 42, 43, 85, 99].
Mechanism indicates ricinoleic acid dehydration as the first stage of pyrolysis in
presence of alkali resulting in the formation of β, γ-keto acid isomerizing to α,
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
Castor oil
Conc.H 2 SO 4
OSO 3 H
O
O
OSO 3 H
O
O
OSO 3 H
O
O
Sulfated castor oil(Turkey red oil)
Fig. 9 Sulfonation of castor into Turkey red oil
Castor Oil-Based Derivatives as a Raw Material for the Chemical Industry
at different temperature ranges from 400 to 550 °C to provide effective conversion
and improve product efficiency [42, 83–91] (Fig. 10).
Undecylenic acid and heptaldehyde are valuable cosmetics raw materials (C11
and C7 aldehydes are used in soaps, shampoos, talcum powders, and perfume formulations), pharmaceuticals, and polymeric materials [42, 83, 84, 87]. Heptaldehyde
is utilized as an organic solvent for polymers, insecticides, elastic products, resins,
and plastics. Undecylenic acid as a source of bactericides and fungicides.
10- undecenoic acid was an important source for the manufacture of antibiotics and
antitumor medicines. 10-undecenoic acid is also used in the application for Athlete’s
Foot remedy and nylon 11 [3, 4, 6, 43, 92–96].
6.9 Alkali Splitting
Alkali splitting reaction is the most important industrial procedure in which castor
oil and its esters are converted into sebacic acid, and 2-octanol is used in the oleochemical industry. The ricinoleate molecule of castor oil produces sebacic acid and
2-octanol in a batch or continuous procedure with the presence of a large amount of
alkali at high temperature with an effective catalyst [42, 97, 98]. Castor oil and its
ester and alkali with equimolar ratio, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, and 2-octanone are
the main components when the reaction is done at temperature 180–200 °C and long
reaction time [42, 85, 97]. Sebacic acid and 2-octanol are produced with 2:1 ratio of
alkali: methyl ricinoleate at a higher temperature 250–270 °C and with reaction
time for few hours and also find the application in the production of alcohols with
high boiling range [3, 42, 43, 85, 99].
Mechanism indicates ricinoleic acid dehydration as the first stage of pyrolysis in
presence of alkali resulting in the formation of β, γ-keto acid isomerizing to α,
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
Castor oil
Conc.H 2 SO 4
OSO 3 H
O
O
OSO 3 H
O
O
OSO 3 H
O
O
Sulfated castor oil(Turkey red oil)
Fig. 9 Sulfonation of castor into Turkey red oil
Castor Oil-Based Derivatives as a Raw Material for the Chemical Industry