222
products like plasticizers and polymer stabilizers, high-temperature lubricants, dispersions of polyurethane, paints, coatings, and adhesives, nanocomposites, surfactants, hydraulic oils, and biodiesel [69–73]. The method is flexible; it can use several
biological and inorganic catalysts to make the process is less energy-intensive
[1, 43].
6.6 Ozonolysis
Various methods through which functional groups may introduced into vegetable
oil structures such as epoxidation, hydroformylation, and ozonolysis by treating the
double bond. In specific, ozonolysis is best way to get a terminal process to breaking carbon-carbon double bonds to give compounds with primary alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids relying upon the reaction conditions [74]. The Ozone is
used as an effective oxidizing agent for splitting and oxidization of alkenes, which
are then reduced in castor oil to alcohol by a fast reduction agent such as sodium
borohydride (NaBH 4 ) and lithium aluminum hydride. In ozonolysis, the oxidative
cleavage method is the perfect reaction performed without a catalyst at a low temperature of 25–45 °C, and its decomposition occurs at 60–100 °C, which is less
energy consumption for industries. This ozonolysis technique has recently applied
to soyabean oil, castor oil, canola oil, and triolein, resulting in polymers such as
polyurethane (PU), polyethers, and polyesters being condensed. After ozonolysis
dangling chains which are saturated fatty acids are left unaffected and in polymer
structures as side chains to enhance hydrophobicity and affect the mechanical and
physical properties of the resulting polymers [74]. The ozonolysis process is highly
oxygen reactive, which can lead to several side reactions, which can create several
by-products unless the process performed in controlled conditions [1, 43, 75]
(Fig. 7).
In fact, the process of ozonolysis reaction is ionic in nature. In the postulates of
the mechanism (Fig. 8), the initial ozone reactions with unsaturated bond were electrophilic to form an initial unstable ozonide (I) that decomposes readily to give a
zwitterion (II) and a carbonyl fragment (III). Then such fragments can be mixed to
produce standard ozonide (IV). The zwitterion can, dimerize to a diperoxide (V) or
polymerize to a higher molecular weight peroxide (VI). Loan et al. has reconciled
this obvious inconsistency of the function by postulating a solvent cage that inhibits
cleavage products from participation in “cross” or exchange reactions [76].
6.7 Sulfation
In the sulfation process, the SO 3 group is introduced into an organic compound to
produce the structural function of the C-OSO 3 . Sulfated castor oil is often named as
Turkey Red Oil or sulfuric acid esters because of the reddish sulfur color derived
S. Dhanuskar et al.
products like plasticizers and polymer stabilizers, high-temperature lubricants, dispersions of polyurethane, paints, coatings, and adhesives, nanocomposites, surfactants, hydraulic oils, and biodiesel [69–73]. The method is flexible; it can use several
biological and inorganic catalysts to make the process is less energy-intensive
[1, 43].
6.6 Ozonolysis
Various methods through which functional groups may introduced into vegetable
oil structures such as epoxidation, hydroformylation, and ozonolysis by treating the
double bond. In specific, ozonolysis is best way to get a terminal process to breaking carbon-carbon double bonds to give compounds with primary alcohols, aldehydes and carboxylic acids relying upon the reaction conditions [74]. The Ozone is
used as an effective oxidizing agent for splitting and oxidization of alkenes, which
are then reduced in castor oil to alcohol by a fast reduction agent such as sodium
borohydride (NaBH 4 ) and lithium aluminum hydride. In ozonolysis, the oxidative
cleavage method is the perfect reaction performed without a catalyst at a low temperature of 25–45 °C, and its decomposition occurs at 60–100 °C, which is less
energy consumption for industries. This ozonolysis technique has recently applied
to soyabean oil, castor oil, canola oil, and triolein, resulting in polymers such as
polyurethane (PU), polyethers, and polyesters being condensed. After ozonolysis
dangling chains which are saturated fatty acids are left unaffected and in polymer
structures as side chains to enhance hydrophobicity and affect the mechanical and
physical properties of the resulting polymers [74]. The ozonolysis process is highly
oxygen reactive, which can lead to several side reactions, which can create several
by-products unless the process performed in controlled conditions [1, 43, 75]
(Fig. 7).
In fact, the process of ozonolysis reaction is ionic in nature. In the postulates of
the mechanism (Fig. 8), the initial ozone reactions with unsaturated bond were electrophilic to form an initial unstable ozonide (I) that decomposes readily to give a
zwitterion (II) and a carbonyl fragment (III). Then such fragments can be mixed to
produce standard ozonide (IV). The zwitterion can, dimerize to a diperoxide (V) or
polymerize to a higher molecular weight peroxide (VI). Loan et al. has reconciled
this obvious inconsistency of the function by postulating a solvent cage that inhibits
cleavage products from participation in “cross” or exchange reactions [76].
6.7 Sulfation
In the sulfation process, the SO 3 group is introduced into an organic compound to
produce the structural function of the C-OSO 3 . Sulfated castor oil is often named as
Turkey Red Oil or sulfuric acid esters because of the reddish sulfur color derived
S. Dhanuskar et al.