175
effects of these solvents on biocrude oil yield and quality. Further, there is no data
pertaining to the influence of the solvent to the microalgae loaded. An organic solvent is typically added to the biocrude oil and later evaporated. The process can also
evaporate lighter volatile organics in the biocrude oil which reduces the yield. If a
commercial microalgae HTL and upgrading is to be pursued, solvent-based separation is inappropriate due to intermittent operational pause. A more feasible scenario
is to immediately separate the water-insoluble fraction of the biocrude oil from the
water-soluble fraction and then apply solvent-free methods such as gravitation and
centrifugation. These two methods require deep exploration.
References
1. International Energy Agency (IEA) (2017) World energy outlook 2017. A report by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) of the International
Energy Agency (IEA), Paris
2. Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
14(2):557–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
3. Guo M, Song W, Buhain J (2015a) Bioenergy and biofuels: history, status, and perspective.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:712–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.013
4. Akhtar J, Amin NAS (2011) A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in
hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(3):1615–1624. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.054
5. Kumar D, Murthy GS (2012) Life cycle assessment of energy and GHG emissions during
ethanol production from grass straws using various pretreatment processes. Int J Life Cycle
Assess 17(4):388–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367- 011- 0376- 5
6. Bessette A, Stuart BJ, Resurreccion EP, Kumar S (2020) Algae-powered sustainable community design life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis. ACS Sustain Chem Eng
8(4):1916–1922. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06256
7. Resurreccion EP, Colosi LM, White MA, Clarens AF (2012) Comparison of algae cultivation methods for bioenergy production using a combined life cycle assessment and
life cycle costing approach. Bioresour Technol 126:298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2012.09.038
8. Vardon DR, Sharma BK, Blazina GV, Rajagopalan K, Strathmann TJ (2012) Thermochemical
conversion of raw and defatted algal biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction and slow pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 109:178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.008
9. Lin L, Cunshan Z, Vittayapadung S, Xiangqian S, Mingdong D (2011) Opportunities and
challenges for biodiesel fuel. Appl Energy 88(4):1020–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2010.09.029
10. Searchinger T, Heimlich R, Houghton RA, Dong F, Elobeid A, Fabiosa J, Tokgoz S, Hayes
D, Yu T-H (2008) Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through
emissions from land-use change. Science 319(5867):1238–1240. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1151861
11. Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from algae. Biotechnol Adv 25(3):294–306. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
12. Juneja A, Kumar S, Tumuluru JS (2018) Hydrothermal liquefaction: a promising technology
for high moisture biomass conversion. In: Tumuluru JS (ed) Biomass preprocessing and pretreatments for production of biofuels. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, p 9781498765473
Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae
effects of these solvents on biocrude oil yield and quality. Further, there is no data
pertaining to the influence of the solvent to the microalgae loaded. An organic solvent is typically added to the biocrude oil and later evaporated. The process can also
evaporate lighter volatile organics in the biocrude oil which reduces the yield. If a
commercial microalgae HTL and upgrading is to be pursued, solvent-based separation is inappropriate due to intermittent operational pause. A more feasible scenario
is to immediately separate the water-insoluble fraction of the biocrude oil from the
water-soluble fraction and then apply solvent-free methods such as gravitation and
centrifugation. These two methods require deep exploration.
References
1. International Energy Agency (IEA) (2017) World energy outlook 2017. A report by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) of the International
Energy Agency (IEA), Paris
2. Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
14(2):557–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
3. Guo M, Song W, Buhain J (2015a) Bioenergy and biofuels: history, status, and perspective.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 42:712–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.013
4. Akhtar J, Amin NAS (2011) A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in
hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(3):1615–1624. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.054
5. Kumar D, Murthy GS (2012) Life cycle assessment of energy and GHG emissions during
ethanol production from grass straws using various pretreatment processes. Int J Life Cycle
Assess 17(4):388–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367- 011- 0376- 5
6. Bessette A, Stuart BJ, Resurreccion EP, Kumar S (2020) Algae-powered sustainable community design life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis. ACS Sustain Chem Eng
8(4):1916–1922. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06256
7. Resurreccion EP, Colosi LM, White MA, Clarens AF (2012) Comparison of algae cultivation methods for bioenergy production using a combined life cycle assessment and
life cycle costing approach. Bioresour Technol 126:298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2012.09.038
8. Vardon DR, Sharma BK, Blazina GV, Rajagopalan K, Strathmann TJ (2012) Thermochemical
conversion of raw and defatted algal biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction and slow pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 109:178–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.008
9. Lin L, Cunshan Z, Vittayapadung S, Xiangqian S, Mingdong D (2011) Opportunities and
challenges for biodiesel fuel. Appl Energy 88(4):1020–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2010.09.029
10. Searchinger T, Heimlich R, Houghton RA, Dong F, Elobeid A, Fabiosa J, Tokgoz S, Hayes
D, Yu T-H (2008) Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through
emissions from land-use change. Science 319(5867):1238–1240. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1151861
11. Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from algae. Biotechnol Adv 25(3):294–306. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
12. Juneja A, Kumar S, Tumuluru JS (2018) Hydrothermal liquefaction: a promising technology
for high moisture biomass conversion. In: Tumuluru JS (ed) Biomass preprocessing and pretreatments for production of biofuels. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, p 9781498765473
Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae