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28. Su WF (2013) In: Su WF (ed) Step polymerization BT—principles of polymer design and
synthesis. Springer, Berlin, pp 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38730-2_6
29. Jiang Y, Loos K (2016) Enzymatic synthesis of biobased polyesters and polyamides. Polymers
8(7):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8070243
30. Huang SJ, Edelman PG (1995) An overview of biodegradable polymers and biodegradation of
polymers. In: Scott G, Gilead D (eds) Degradable polymers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-94-011-0571-2_2
31. Misra M, Panday JK (eds) (2015) Biocomposites: design and mechanical performance.
Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-02693-7
32. Hu X, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K (2017) Continuous flow ring-opening polymerizations. React
Chem Eng 2:20–26. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RE00206D
33. Becker G, Wurm FR (2018) Functional biodegradable polymers via ring-opening polymerization of monomers without protective groups. Chem Soc Rev 47:7739–7782
34. Yamano N, Kawasaki N, Ida S, Nakayama Y, Nakayama A (2017) Biodegradation of polyamide 4 in vivo. Polym Degrad Stab 137:281–288
35. Negoro S (2005) Biodegradation of nylon and other synthetic polyamides. Biopolymers
Online. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.bpol9018
36. Ghosh M, Roy SK, Kar AB (1975) Effect of a copper intrauterine contraceptive device
and nylon suture on the estradiol 17β-6, 7-H3 and progesterone 1, 2-H3 in the rat uterus.
Contraception 11:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(75)90049-9
37. Kyulavska M, Toncheva-Moncheva N, Rydz J (2019) Biobased polyamide ecomaterials
and their susceptibility to biodegradation. In: Martínez L, Kharissova O, Kharisov B (eds)
Handbook of ecomaterials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_126
38. Smith R, Oliver C, Williams DF (1987) The enzymatic degradation of polymers in vitro. J
Biomed Mater Res 21:991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210805
39. Ali MA, Kaneko T (2017) Microbe-derived Itaconic acid: novel route to biopolyamides. Microbial applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 279–289. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-52669-0_15
40. Lee J, Seo WG, Kim J et al (2017) Amide-based oligomers for low-viscosity composites of
polyamide 66. Macromol Res 25:1000–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-017-5129-2
41. Kadokawa JI (2018) Enzymatic preparation of functional polysaccharide hydrogels by phosphorylase catalysis. Pure Appl Chem 90(6):1045. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0802
42. Shamshina JL, Berton P, Rogers RD (2019) Advances in functional chitin materials: a review.
ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7(7):6444–6457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06372
43. Nielsen UN, Ayres E, Wall DH, Bardgett RD (2011) Soil biodiversity and carbon cycling:
a review and synthesis of studies examining diversity-function relationships. Eur J Soil Sci
62:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01314.x
44. Kaoutari A, Armougom F, Gordon JI, Raoult D, Henrissat B (2013) The abundance and variety
of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:497–504.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3050
45. Jardine A, Sayed S (2016) Challenges in the valorisation of chitinous biomass within the
biorefinery concept. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 2:34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cogsc.2016.09.007
46. Berton P, Shamshina JL, Ostadjoo S, King CA, Rogers RD (2018) Enzymatic hydrolysis
of ionic liquid-extracted chitin. Carbohydr Polym 199:228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
carbpol.2018.07.014
47. Alvarez-Vasco C, Zhang X (2013) Alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of softwood: hemicellulose degradation pathways. Bioresour Technol 150:321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2013.10.020
48. BelHaaj S, Magnin A, Petrier C, Boufi S (2013) Starch nanoparticles formation via
high power ultrasonication. Carbohydr Polym 92:1625–1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
carbpol.2012.11.022
M. A. Ali et al.
28. Su WF (2013) In: Su WF (ed) Step polymerization BT—principles of polymer design and
synthesis. Springer, Berlin, pp 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38730-2_6
29. Jiang Y, Loos K (2016) Enzymatic synthesis of biobased polyesters and polyamides. Polymers
8(7):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8070243
30. Huang SJ, Edelman PG (1995) An overview of biodegradable polymers and biodegradation of
polymers. In: Scott G, Gilead D (eds) Degradable polymers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-94-011-0571-2_2
31. Misra M, Panday JK (eds) (2015) Biocomposites: design and mechanical performance.
Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-02693-7
32. Hu X, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K (2017) Continuous flow ring-opening polymerizations. React
Chem Eng 2:20–26. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RE00206D
33. Becker G, Wurm FR (2018) Functional biodegradable polymers via ring-opening polymerization of monomers without protective groups. Chem Soc Rev 47:7739–7782
34. Yamano N, Kawasaki N, Ida S, Nakayama Y, Nakayama A (2017) Biodegradation of polyamide 4 in vivo. Polym Degrad Stab 137:281–288
35. Negoro S (2005) Biodegradation of nylon and other synthetic polyamides. Biopolymers
Online. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.bpol9018
36. Ghosh M, Roy SK, Kar AB (1975) Effect of a copper intrauterine contraceptive device
and nylon suture on the estradiol 17β-6, 7-H3 and progesterone 1, 2-H3 in the rat uterus.
Contraception 11:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-7824(75)90049-9
37. Kyulavska M, Toncheva-Moncheva N, Rydz J (2019) Biobased polyamide ecomaterials
and their susceptibility to biodegradation. In: Martínez L, Kharissova O, Kharisov B (eds)
Handbook of ecomaterials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68255-6_126
38. Smith R, Oliver C, Williams DF (1987) The enzymatic degradation of polymers in vitro. J
Biomed Mater Res 21:991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820210805
39. Ali MA, Kaneko T (2017) Microbe-derived Itaconic acid: novel route to biopolyamides. Microbial applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 279–289. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-52669-0_15
40. Lee J, Seo WG, Kim J et al (2017) Amide-based oligomers for low-viscosity composites of
polyamide 66. Macromol Res 25:1000–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-017-5129-2
41. Kadokawa JI (2018) Enzymatic preparation of functional polysaccharide hydrogels by phosphorylase catalysis. Pure Appl Chem 90(6):1045. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0802
42. Shamshina JL, Berton P, Rogers RD (2019) Advances in functional chitin materials: a review.
ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7(7):6444–6457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06372
43. Nielsen UN, Ayres E, Wall DH, Bardgett RD (2011) Soil biodiversity and carbon cycling:
a review and synthesis of studies examining diversity-function relationships. Eur J Soil Sci
62:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01314.x
44. Kaoutari A, Armougom F, Gordon JI, Raoult D, Henrissat B (2013) The abundance and variety
of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:497–504.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3050
45. Jardine A, Sayed S (2016) Challenges in the valorisation of chitinous biomass within the
biorefinery concept. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 2:34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cogsc.2016.09.007
46. Berton P, Shamshina JL, Ostadjoo S, King CA, Rogers RD (2018) Enzymatic hydrolysis
of ionic liquid-extracted chitin. Carbohydr Polym 199:228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
carbpol.2018.07.014
47. Alvarez-Vasco C, Zhang X (2013) Alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment of softwood: hemicellulose degradation pathways. Bioresour Technol 150:321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
biortech.2013.10.020
48. BelHaaj S, Magnin A, Petrier C, Boufi S (2013) Starch nanoparticles formation via
high power ultrasonication. Carbohydr Polym 92:1625–1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
carbpol.2012.11.022
M. A. Ali et al.