39
In summary, according to this initial characterization measurement is an empirical and informational process, designed on purpose, whose input is an empirical
property of an object and that produces information in the form of values of that
property.
Though still only preliminary, this picture
28
is sufficient to further the development of our analysis. In the next chapter, we add to this the concept of uncertainty
in measurement, and complete our account of what we see as fundamental concepts
of measurement.
References
Anderson, P. W. (1972). More is different—Broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical
structure of science. Science, 177(4047), 393–396.
Aristotle. (350 BCE). Metaphysics. Translated by W.D. Ross. Retrieved from classics.mit.edu/
Aristotle/metaphysics.html
Benoit, E., & Foulloy, L. (2013). The role of fuzzy scales in measurement theory. Measurement,
46, 2921–2926.
Bentley, J. P. (2005). Principles of measurement systems. New York: Pearson.
Bridgman, P. W. (1959). How much rigor is possible in physics? In L. Henkin, P. Suppes, &
A. Tarski (Eds.), The axiomatic method (pp. 225–237). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Bunge, M. (1974). Treatise on basic philosophy (Semantics I: Sense and reference) (Vol. 1).
Dordrecht: Reidel.
Bunge, M. (1983). Treatise on basic philosophy (Epistemology & methodology II: Understanding
the world) (Vol. 6). Dordrecht: Reidel.
Campbell, N. R. (1920). Physics—The elements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dennett, D. (1987). The intentional stance. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Ellis, B. (1968). Basic concepts of measurement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/32/EU of 26 February 2014 “On the harmonisation of
the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of measuring instruments”. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/growth/single- market/european- standards/
harmonised- standards/measuring- instruments_en
Giordani, A., & Mari, L. (2019). A structural model of direct measurement. Measurement, 145,
535–550.
Hempel, C. G. (1966). Philosophy of natural science. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Hölder, O. (1901). Die Axiome der Quantität und die Lehre vom Mass. Berichte uber die
Verhandlungen der Koeniglich Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig,
Mathematisch-Physikaliche Klasse, 53, 1–46. Part 1 translated in Michell, J., & Ernst, C.
(1996). The axioms of quantity and the theory of measurement. Journal of Mathematical
Psychology, 40(3), 235–252.
International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). (2019). The international system of units
(SI) (“SI Brochure”) (9th ed.). Sèvres: BIPM.
28 The general idea that the measurement process is constituted of an empirical component and an
information component is not new, of course. On this matter of particular interest are the presentations by Roman Morawski, who introduces the two components as conversion and reconstruction
(2013), and by Giovanni Battista Rossi and Francesco Crenna, who call them observation and
restitution (2018).
References
In summary, according to this initial characterization measurement is an empirical and informational process, designed on purpose, whose input is an empirical
property of an object and that produces information in the form of values of that
property.
Though still only preliminary, this picture
28
is sufficient to further the development of our analysis. In the next chapter, we add to this the concept of uncertainty
in measurement, and complete our account of what we see as fundamental concepts
of measurement.
References
Anderson, P. W. (1972). More is different—Broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical
structure of science. Science, 177(4047), 393–396.
Aristotle. (350 BCE). Metaphysics. Translated by W.D. Ross. Retrieved from classics.mit.edu/
Aristotle/metaphysics.html
Benoit, E., & Foulloy, L. (2013). The role of fuzzy scales in measurement theory. Measurement,
46, 2921–2926.
Bentley, J. P. (2005). Principles of measurement systems. New York: Pearson.
Bridgman, P. W. (1959). How much rigor is possible in physics? In L. Henkin, P. Suppes, &
A. Tarski (Eds.), The axiomatic method (pp. 225–237). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Bunge, M. (1974). Treatise on basic philosophy (Semantics I: Sense and reference) (Vol. 1).
Dordrecht: Reidel.
Bunge, M. (1983). Treatise on basic philosophy (Epistemology & methodology II: Understanding
the world) (Vol. 6). Dordrecht: Reidel.
Campbell, N. R. (1920). Physics—The elements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dennett, D. (1987). The intentional stance. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Ellis, B. (1968). Basic concepts of measurement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/32/EU of 26 February 2014 “On the harmonisation of
the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of measuring instruments”. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu/growth/single- market/european- standards/
harmonised- standards/measuring- instruments_en
Giordani, A., & Mari, L. (2019). A structural model of direct measurement. Measurement, 145,
535–550.
Hempel, C. G. (1966). Philosophy of natural science. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Hölder, O. (1901). Die Axiome der Quantität und die Lehre vom Mass. Berichte uber die
Verhandlungen der Koeniglich Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig,
Mathematisch-Physikaliche Klasse, 53, 1–46. Part 1 translated in Michell, J., & Ernst, C.
(1996). The axioms of quantity and the theory of measurement. Journal of Mathematical
Psychology, 40(3), 235–252.
International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). (2019). The international system of units
(SI) (“SI Brochure”) (9th ed.). Sèvres: BIPM.
28 The general idea that the measurement process is constituted of an empirical component and an
information component is not new, of course. On this matter of particular interest are the presentations by Roman Morawski, who introduces the two components as conversion and reconstruction
(2013), and by Giovanni Battista Rossi and Francesco Crenna, who call them observation and
restitution (2018).
References