Prather, M. J. (2007). Lifetimes and time scales in atmospheric
chemistry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:
Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 365. http://doi.
org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2040.
Prentice, I. C., Jolly, D., & BIOME 6000 Participants. (2000).
Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the
northern continents and Africa. Journal of Biogeography 27, 507–
519.
Preunkert, S., Legrand, M., Jourdain, B., Moulin, C., Belviso, S.,
Kasamatsu, N., et al. (2007). Interannual variability of dimethylsulfide in air and seawater and its atmospheric oxidation
by-products (methanesulfonate and sulfate) at Dumont d’Urville,
coastal Antarctica (1999–2003). Journal of Geophysical Research,
112, D06306. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007585.
Preunkert, S., & Legrand, M. (2013). Towards a quasi-complete
reconstruction of past atmospheric aerosol load and composition
(organic and inorganic) over Europe since 1920 inferred from
Alpine ice cores. Climate of the Past, 9(4), 1403–1416.
Quiquet, A., Archibald, A. T., Friend, A. D., Chappellaz, J., Levine,
J. G., Stone, E. J., et al. (2015). The relative importance of methane
sources and sinks over the Last Interglacial period and into the last
glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 112, 1–16. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.004.
Rasmussen, S. O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S. P., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S.
L., Clausen, H. B., et al. (2014). A stratigraphic framework for
abrupt climatic changes during the last glacial period based on three
synchronized Greenland ice-core records: Refining and extending
the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews,
106, 14–28.
Rhein, M., et al. (2013). Observations: Ocean. In T. F. Stocker et al.
(Eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 255–310).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Roche, D. M., Crosta, X., & Renssen, H. (2012). Evaluating Southern
Ocean sea ice for the Last Glacial Maximum and pre-industrial
climates: PMIP-2 models and data evidences. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 56, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.09.
020.
Rogerson, M., Cacho, I., Jimenez-Espejo, F., Reguera, M. I., Sierro, F.
J., Martinez-Ruiz, F., Frigola, J., & Canals, M. (2008). A dynamic
explanation for the origin of the western Mediterranean organic rich
layers. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q07U01. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001936.
Rohling, E. J., Marino, G., & Grant, K. M. (2015). Mediterranean
climate and oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic
events (sapropels). Earth-Science Reviews, 143(2015), 62–97.
Rosen, J. L., Brook, E. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Blunier, T., Mitchell, L.
E., Lee, J. E., et al. (2014). An ice core record of near-synchronous
global climate changes at the Bølling transition. Nature Geoscience,
7, 459–463.
Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, V., Olive, P., & Vergnaud-Grazzini, C.
(1982). After the deluge; Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel
formation. Nature, 295, 105–110.
Saigne, C., & Legrand, M. (1987). Measurements of methanesulphonic
acid in Antarctic ice. Nature, 330, 240–242.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Blunier, T., Schwander, J., Spahni, R.,
Fischer, H., et al. (2010). Glacial–interglacial and millennial-scale
variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the
last 800,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 182–192.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Eicher, O., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J.,
Fischer, H., et al. (2013). The response of atmospheric nitrous
oxide to climate variations during the last glacial period. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1888–1893. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.
50380.
Schmitt, J., Schneider, R., Elsig, J., Leuenberger, D., Lourantou, A.,
Chappellaz, J., Köhler, P., Joos, F., Stocker, T. F., Leuenberger, M.,
& Fischer, H. (2012). Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial
CO 2 rise from ice cores. Science, 336, 711. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1217161.
Schmittner, A., & Galbraith, E. D. (2008). Glacial greenhouse-gas
fluctuations controlled by ocean circulation changes. Nature, 456
(7220), 373–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07531.
Schneider, R., Schmitt, J., Köhler, P., Joos, F., & Fischer, H. (2013).
A reconstruction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its stable
carbon isotopic composition from the penultimate glacial maximum
to the last glacial inception. Climate of the Past, 9, 2507–2523.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2507-2013.
Schwander, J., & Stauffer, B. (1984). Age difference between polar ice
and the air trapped in its bubbles. Nature, 311, 45–47.
Shackleton, N. J. (1977). Carbon-13 in Uvegerina: Tropical rainforest
history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In N.
R. Andersen & A. Malako (Eds.), The fate of fossil fuel CO 2 in the
oceans (pp. 401–428). New York: Plenum.
Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T. F., Monnin, E., Lüthi, D., Schwander, J.,
Stauffer, B., et al. (2005). Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship
during the Late Pleistocene. Science, 310(5752), 1313–1317.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120130.
Sigman, D. M., & Boyle, E. A. (2000). Glacial/interglacial variations in
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature, 407, 859–869.
Skinner, L. C., Fallon, S., Waelbroeck, C., Michel, E., & Barker, S.
(2010). Ventilation of the deep Southern Ocean and deglacial CO 2
rise. Science, 328(5982), 1147–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1183627.
Skinner, L. C. (2009). Glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO 2 change: A
possible “standing volume” effect on deep-ocean carbon sequestration. Climate of the Past, 5, 537–550. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5537-2009.
Sowers, T., Alley, R. B., & Jubenville, J. (2003). Ice core records of
atmospheric N 2 O covering the last 106,000 years. Science, 301,
945–948.
Stephens, B. B., & Keeling, R. F. (2000). The influence of Antarctic sea
ice on glacial-interglacial CO 2 variations. Nature, 404, 171–174.
Stramma, L., Prince, E. D., Schmidtko, S., Luo, J., Hoolihan, J. P.,
Visbeck, M., et al. (2012). Expansion of oxygen minimum zones
may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes. Nature
Climate Change, 2, 33–37.
Spahni, R., Chappellaz, J., Stocker, T. F., Loulergue, L., Hausammann,
G., Kawamura, K., et al. (2005). Atmospheric methane and nitrous
oxide of the late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores. Science, 310,
1317–1321.
Stocker, T. F., & Johnsen, S. J. (2003). A minimum thermodynamic
model for the bipolar seesaw. Paleoceanography, 18(4), 1087.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000920.
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Roche, D. M., Bouttes, N., Dutay, J.-C.,
Alkama, R., et al. (2009). Quantifying the roles of ocean circulation
and biogeochemistry in governing ocean carbon-13 and atmospheric carbon dioxide at the Last Glacial Maximum. Climate of the
Past, 5, 695–706.
Tarnocai, C., Canadell, J. G., Schuur, E. A. G., Kuhry, P., Mazhitova,
G., & Zimov, S. (2009). Soil organic carbon pools in the northern
circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23,
GB2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003327.
Toggweiler, J. R., Russell, J. L., & Carson, S. R. (2006). Midlatitude
westerlies, atmospheric CO 2 , and climate change during the ice
ages. Paleoceanography, 21, PA2005.
Tschumi, J., & Stauffer, B. (2000). Reconstructing past atmospheric
CO 2 concentration based on ice-core analyses: Open questions due
to in situ production of CO 2 in the ice. Journal of Glaciology, 46
(152), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833359.
23 Biogeochemical Cycles and Aerosols Over the Last Million Years
299
chemistry. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:
Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 365. http://doi.
org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2040.
Prentice, I. C., Jolly, D., & BIOME 6000 Participants. (2000).
Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the
northern continents and Africa. Journal of Biogeography 27, 507–
519.
Preunkert, S., Legrand, M., Jourdain, B., Moulin, C., Belviso, S.,
Kasamatsu, N., et al. (2007). Interannual variability of dimethylsulfide in air and seawater and its atmospheric oxidation
by-products (methanesulfonate and sulfate) at Dumont d’Urville,
coastal Antarctica (1999–2003). Journal of Geophysical Research,
112, D06306. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007585.
Preunkert, S., & Legrand, M. (2013). Towards a quasi-complete
reconstruction of past atmospheric aerosol load and composition
(organic and inorganic) over Europe since 1920 inferred from
Alpine ice cores. Climate of the Past, 9(4), 1403–1416.
Quiquet, A., Archibald, A. T., Friend, A. D., Chappellaz, J., Levine,
J. G., Stone, E. J., et al. (2015). The relative importance of methane
sources and sinks over the Last Interglacial period and into the last
glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 112, 1–16. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.004.
Rasmussen, S. O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S. P., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S.
L., Clausen, H. B., et al. (2014). A stratigraphic framework for
abrupt climatic changes during the last glacial period based on three
synchronized Greenland ice-core records: Refining and extending
the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews,
106, 14–28.
Rhein, M., et al. (2013). Observations: Ocean. In T. F. Stocker et al.
(Eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 255–310).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Roche, D. M., Crosta, X., & Renssen, H. (2012). Evaluating Southern
Ocean sea ice for the Last Glacial Maximum and pre-industrial
climates: PMIP-2 models and data evidences. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 56, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.09.
020.
Rogerson, M., Cacho, I., Jimenez-Espejo, F., Reguera, M. I., Sierro, F.
J., Martinez-Ruiz, F., Frigola, J., & Canals, M. (2008). A dynamic
explanation for the origin of the western Mediterranean organic rich
layers. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, Q07U01. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2007gc001936.
Rohling, E. J., Marino, G., & Grant, K. M. (2015). Mediterranean
climate and oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic
events (sapropels). Earth-Science Reviews, 143(2015), 62–97.
Rosen, J. L., Brook, E. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Blunier, T., Mitchell, L.
E., Lee, J. E., et al. (2014). An ice core record of near-synchronous
global climate changes at the Bølling transition. Nature Geoscience,
7, 459–463.
Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, V., Olive, P., & Vergnaud-Grazzini, C.
(1982). After the deluge; Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel
formation. Nature, 295, 105–110.
Saigne, C., & Legrand, M. (1987). Measurements of methanesulphonic
acid in Antarctic ice. Nature, 330, 240–242.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Blunier, T., Schwander, J., Spahni, R.,
Fischer, H., et al. (2010). Glacial–interglacial and millennial-scale
variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the
last 800,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 182–192.
Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Eicher, O., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J.,
Fischer, H., et al. (2013). The response of atmospheric nitrous
oxide to climate variations during the last glacial period. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1888–1893. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.
50380.
Schmitt, J., Schneider, R., Elsig, J., Leuenberger, D., Lourantou, A.,
Chappellaz, J., Köhler, P., Joos, F., Stocker, T. F., Leuenberger, M.,
& Fischer, H. (2012). Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial
CO 2 rise from ice cores. Science, 336, 711. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1217161.
Schmittner, A., & Galbraith, E. D. (2008). Glacial greenhouse-gas
fluctuations controlled by ocean circulation changes. Nature, 456
(7220), 373–376. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07531.
Schneider, R., Schmitt, J., Köhler, P., Joos, F., & Fischer, H. (2013).
A reconstruction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its stable
carbon isotopic composition from the penultimate glacial maximum
to the last glacial inception. Climate of the Past, 9, 2507–2523.
https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2507-2013.
Schwander, J., & Stauffer, B. (1984). Age difference between polar ice
and the air trapped in its bubbles. Nature, 311, 45–47.
Shackleton, N. J. (1977). Carbon-13 in Uvegerina: Tropical rainforest
history and the equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycles. In N.
R. Andersen & A. Malako (Eds.), The fate of fossil fuel CO 2 in the
oceans (pp. 401–428). New York: Plenum.
Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T. F., Monnin, E., Lüthi, D., Schwander, J.,
Stauffer, B., et al. (2005). Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship
during the Late Pleistocene. Science, 310(5752), 1313–1317.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120130.
Sigman, D. M., & Boyle, E. A. (2000). Glacial/interglacial variations in
atmospheric carbon dioxide. Nature, 407, 859–869.
Skinner, L. C., Fallon, S., Waelbroeck, C., Michel, E., & Barker, S.
(2010). Ventilation of the deep Southern Ocean and deglacial CO 2
rise. Science, 328(5982), 1147–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1183627.
Skinner, L. C. (2009). Glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO 2 change: A
possible “standing volume” effect on deep-ocean carbon sequestration. Climate of the Past, 5, 537–550. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-5537-2009.
Sowers, T., Alley, R. B., & Jubenville, J. (2003). Ice core records of
atmospheric N 2 O covering the last 106,000 years. Science, 301,
945–948.
Stephens, B. B., & Keeling, R. F. (2000). The influence of Antarctic sea
ice on glacial-interglacial CO 2 variations. Nature, 404, 171–174.
Stramma, L., Prince, E. D., Schmidtko, S., Luo, J., Hoolihan, J. P.,
Visbeck, M., et al. (2012). Expansion of oxygen minimum zones
may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes. Nature
Climate Change, 2, 33–37.
Spahni, R., Chappellaz, J., Stocker, T. F., Loulergue, L., Hausammann,
G., Kawamura, K., et al. (2005). Atmospheric methane and nitrous
oxide of the late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores. Science, 310,
1317–1321.
Stocker, T. F., & Johnsen, S. J. (2003). A minimum thermodynamic
model for the bipolar seesaw. Paleoceanography, 18(4), 1087.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000920.
Tagliabue, A., Bopp, L., Roche, D. M., Bouttes, N., Dutay, J.-C.,
Alkama, R., et al. (2009). Quantifying the roles of ocean circulation
and biogeochemistry in governing ocean carbon-13 and atmospheric carbon dioxide at the Last Glacial Maximum. Climate of the
Past, 5, 695–706.
Tarnocai, C., Canadell, J. G., Schuur, E. A. G., Kuhry, P., Mazhitova,
G., & Zimov, S. (2009). Soil organic carbon pools in the northern
circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23,
GB2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003327.
Toggweiler, J. R., Russell, J. L., & Carson, S. R. (2006). Midlatitude
westerlies, atmospheric CO 2 , and climate change during the ice
ages. Paleoceanography, 21, PA2005.
Tschumi, J., & Stauffer, B. (2000). Reconstructing past atmospheric
CO 2 concentration based on ice-core analyses: Open questions due
to in situ production of CO 2 in the ice. Journal of Glaciology, 46
(152), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833359.
23 Biogeochemical Cycles and Aerosols Over the Last Million Years
299