Rohling, E., & Bigg, G. (1998). Paleosalinity and d
18
O: A critical
assessment. Journal Geophysical Research, 103, 1307–1318.
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC01047.
Rohling, E. J. (2000). Paleosalinity: Confidence limits and future
applications. Marine Geology, 163, 1–11.
Rohling, E. J. (2007). Progress in paleosalinity: Overview and
presentation of a new approach. Paleoceanography, 22, PA3215.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007pa001437.
Rohling, E. J., Foster, G. L., Grant, K., Marino, G., Roberts, A. P.,
Tamisiea, M. E., et al. (2014). Sea-level and deep-sea-temperature
variability over the past 5.3 million years. Nature, 508, 477–482.
Rohling, E. J., Marino, G., & Grant, K. M. (2015). Mediterranean
climate and oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic
events (sapropels). Earth-Science Reviews, 143, 62–97.
Rosell-Melé, A., & Prahl, F. G. (2013). Seasonality of UK′ 37
temperature estimates as inferred from sediment trap data. Quaternary Science Reviews, 72, 128–136.
Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., & Slowey, N. (1997). Temperature control
on the incorporation of magnesium, strontium, fluorine, and
cadmium into benthic foraminiferal shells from Little Bahama
Bank: Prospects for thermocline paleoceanography. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 61(17), 3633–3643.
Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, W., Olive, P., & Vergnaud-Grazzini,
C. (1982). After the deluge: Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel
formation. Nature, 295(5845), 105.
Saenger, C., Affek, H. P., Felis, T., Thiagarajan, N., Lough, J. M., &
Holcomb, M. (2012). Carbonate clumped isotope variability in
shallow water corals: Temperature dependence and growth-related
vital effects. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 99, 224–242.
Schmidt, G. A., Bigg, G. R., & Rohling, E. J. (1999). Global Seawater
oxygen-18 database—v1.21. Available at http://data.giss.nasa.gov/
o18data/.
Schmidt, G. A. (1999). Error analysis of paleosalinity calculations.
Paleoceanography, 14, 422–429.
Schmittner, A., Bostock, H. C., Cartapanis, O., Curry, W. B., Filipsson,
H. L., Galbraith, E. D., et al. (2017). Calibration of the carbon
isotope composition (d
13
C) of benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography, 32, 512–530.
Schauble, E. A., Ghosh, P., & Eiler, J. M. (2006). Preferential
formation of 13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals, estimated
using first-principles lattice dynamics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(10), 2510–2529.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., & Damste, J. S. S. (2002).
Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids:
A new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures? Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 204(1–2), 265–274.
Schouten, S., Ossebaar, J., Schreiber, K., Kienhuis, M. V. M., Langer,
G., Benthien, A., et al. (2006). The effect of temperature, salinity
and growth rate on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long
chain alkenones produced by Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa
oceanica. Biogeosciences, 3, 113–119.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., & Damsté, J. S. S. (2013). The organic
geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids: A
review. Organic Geochemistry, 54, 19–61.
Schrag, D. P., Adkins, J. F., McIntyre, K., Alexander, J. L., Hodell, D.
A., Charles, C. D., et al. (2002). The oxygen isotopic composition
of seawater during the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 21(1–3), 331–342.
Shackleton, N. J. (1967). Oxygen isotope analysis and Pleistocene
temperature reassessed. Nature, 2151, 15–17.
Shackleton, N. J. (1974). Attainment of isotopic equilibrium between
ocean water and benthonic foraminifera genus Uvigerina: Isotopic
changes in the ocean during the last glacial. dans Les méthodes
quantitatives d’étude des variations du climat au cours du
Pleistocène CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, pp. 203–209.
Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., He, F., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Liu, Z.,
et al. (2012). Global warming preceded by increasing carbon
dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation. Nature, 484,
49–54.
Shanahan, T. M., Hughen, K., McKay, N. P., Overpeck, J., Scholz, C.
A., Gosling, W. D., et al. (2016). CO 2 and fire influence tropical
ecosystem stability in response to climate change. Scientific
Reports, 6, 29587.
Sicre, M. A., et al. (2005). Mid-latitude southern Indian ocean response
to northern hemisphere Heinrich events. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 240(3–4), 724–731.
Thierstein, H. R., Geitzenauer, K. R., Molfino, B., & Shackleton, N.
J. (1977). Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum
levels validation by oxygen isotopes. Geology, 5(7), 400–404.
Thornalley, D. J. R., Oppo, D. W., Ortega, P., Robson, J. I., Brierley,
C., Davis, R., et al. (2018). Anomalously weak Labrador Sea
convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years.
Nature, 556, 227–232.
Tierney, J. E., & deMenocal, P. B. (2013). Abrupt shifts in Horn of
Africa hydroclimate since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 342
(6160), 843–846.
Tierney, J. E., & Tingley, M. P. (2018). BAYSPLINE: A new
calibration for the alkenone paleothermometer. Paleoceanography
and Paleoclimatology, 33, 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/
2017PA003201.
Tierney, J. E., & Tingley, M. P. (2014). A Bayesian, spatially-varying
calibration model for the TEX 86 proxy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 127, 83–106.
Vázquez Riveiros, N., Govin, A., Waelbroeck, C., Mackensen, A.,
Michel, E., Moreira, S., et al. (2016). Mg/Ca thermometry in
planktic foraminifera: Improving paleotemperature estimations for
G. bulloides and N. pachyderma left. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 17, 1249–1264.
Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L. C., Duplessy, J. C.,
McManus, J. F., Kandiano, E. S., et al. (2013). The ‘MIS11
paradox’ and ocean circulation: Role of millennial scale events.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 371–372, 258–268.
Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L. C., Roche, D. M.,
Duplessy, J. C., & Michel, E. (2010). Response of South Atlantic
deep waters to deglacial warming during terminations V and I.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 298, 323–333.
Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Duplessy, J. C., Guiot, J., Labracherie,
M., Leclaire, H., et al. (1998). Improving past sea surface
temperature estimates based on planktonic fossil faunas. Paleoceanography, 13, 272–283.
Waelbroeck, C., Duplessy, J. C., Michel, E., Labeyrie, L., Paillard, D.,
& Duprat, J. (2001). The timing of the last deglaciation in North
Atlantic climate records. Nature, 412, 724–727.
Weijers, J. W., Schouten, S., Spaargaren, O. C., & Damsté, J. S. S.
(2006). Occurrence and distribution of tetraether membrane lipids in
soils: Implications for the use of the TEX86 proxy and the BIT
index. Organic Geochemistry, 37(12), 1680–1693.
Weldeab, S., Lea, D. W., Schneider, R. R., & Andersen, N. (2007).
155,000 years of West African monsoon and ocean thermal
evolution. Science, 316, 1303–1307.
21 Climate and the Evolution of the Ocean: The Paleoceanographic …
253
18
O: A critical
assessment. Journal Geophysical Research, 103, 1307–1318.
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC01047.
Rohling, E. J. (2000). Paleosalinity: Confidence limits and future
applications. Marine Geology, 163, 1–11.
Rohling, E. J. (2007). Progress in paleosalinity: Overview and
presentation of a new approach. Paleoceanography, 22, PA3215.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007pa001437.
Rohling, E. J., Foster, G. L., Grant, K., Marino, G., Roberts, A. P.,
Tamisiea, M. E., et al. (2014). Sea-level and deep-sea-temperature
variability over the past 5.3 million years. Nature, 508, 477–482.
Rohling, E. J., Marino, G., & Grant, K. M. (2015). Mediterranean
climate and oceanography, and the periodic development of anoxic
events (sapropels). Earth-Science Reviews, 143, 62–97.
Rosell-Melé, A., & Prahl, F. G. (2013). Seasonality of UK′ 37
temperature estimates as inferred from sediment trap data. Quaternary Science Reviews, 72, 128–136.
Rosenthal, Y., Boyle, E. A., & Slowey, N. (1997). Temperature control
on the incorporation of magnesium, strontium, fluorine, and
cadmium into benthic foraminiferal shells from Little Bahama
Bank: Prospects for thermocline paleoceanography. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 61(17), 3633–3643.
Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, W., Olive, P., & Vergnaud-Grazzini,
C. (1982). After the deluge: Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel
formation. Nature, 295(5845), 105.
Saenger, C., Affek, H. P., Felis, T., Thiagarajan, N., Lough, J. M., &
Holcomb, M. (2012). Carbonate clumped isotope variability in
shallow water corals: Temperature dependence and growth-related
vital effects. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 99, 224–242.
Schmidt, G. A., Bigg, G. R., & Rohling, E. J. (1999). Global Seawater
oxygen-18 database—v1.21. Available at http://data.giss.nasa.gov/
o18data/.
Schmidt, G. A. (1999). Error analysis of paleosalinity calculations.
Paleoceanography, 14, 422–429.
Schmittner, A., Bostock, H. C., Cartapanis, O., Curry, W. B., Filipsson,
H. L., Galbraith, E. D., et al. (2017). Calibration of the carbon
isotope composition (d
13
C) of benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography, 32, 512–530.
Schauble, E. A., Ghosh, P., & Eiler, J. M. (2006). Preferential
formation of 13C–18O bonds in carbonate minerals, estimated
using first-principles lattice dynamics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(10), 2510–2529.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., & Damste, J. S. S. (2002).
Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids:
A new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures? Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 204(1–2), 265–274.
Schouten, S., Ossebaar, J., Schreiber, K., Kienhuis, M. V. M., Langer,
G., Benthien, A., et al. (2006). The effect of temperature, salinity
and growth rate on the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of long
chain alkenones produced by Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa
oceanica. Biogeosciences, 3, 113–119.
Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., & Damsté, J. S. S. (2013). The organic
geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids: A
review. Organic Geochemistry, 54, 19–61.
Schrag, D. P., Adkins, J. F., McIntyre, K., Alexander, J. L., Hodell, D.
A., Charles, C. D., et al. (2002). The oxygen isotopic composition
of seawater during the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 21(1–3), 331–342.
Shackleton, N. J. (1967). Oxygen isotope analysis and Pleistocene
temperature reassessed. Nature, 2151, 15–17.
Shackleton, N. J. (1974). Attainment of isotopic equilibrium between
ocean water and benthonic foraminifera genus Uvigerina: Isotopic
changes in the ocean during the last glacial. dans Les méthodes
quantitatives d’étude des variations du climat au cours du
Pleistocène CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, pp. 203–209.
Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., He, F., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Liu, Z.,
et al. (2012). Global warming preceded by increasing carbon
dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation. Nature, 484,
49–54.
Shanahan, T. M., Hughen, K., McKay, N. P., Overpeck, J., Scholz, C.
A., Gosling, W. D., et al. (2016). CO 2 and fire influence tropical
ecosystem stability in response to climate change. Scientific
Reports, 6, 29587.
Sicre, M. A., et al. (2005). Mid-latitude southern Indian ocean response
to northern hemisphere Heinrich events. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 240(3–4), 724–731.
Thierstein, H. R., Geitzenauer, K. R., Molfino, B., & Shackleton, N.
J. (1977). Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum
levels validation by oxygen isotopes. Geology, 5(7), 400–404.
Thornalley, D. J. R., Oppo, D. W., Ortega, P., Robson, J. I., Brierley,
C., Davis, R., et al. (2018). Anomalously weak Labrador Sea
convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years.
Nature, 556, 227–232.
Tierney, J. E., & deMenocal, P. B. (2013). Abrupt shifts in Horn of
Africa hydroclimate since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, 342
(6160), 843–846.
Tierney, J. E., & Tingley, M. P. (2018). BAYSPLINE: A new
calibration for the alkenone paleothermometer. Paleoceanography
and Paleoclimatology, 33, 281–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/
2017PA003201.
Tierney, J. E., & Tingley, M. P. (2014). A Bayesian, spatially-varying
calibration model for the TEX 86 proxy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 127, 83–106.
Vázquez Riveiros, N., Govin, A., Waelbroeck, C., Mackensen, A.,
Michel, E., Moreira, S., et al. (2016). Mg/Ca thermometry in
planktic foraminifera: Improving paleotemperature estimations for
G. bulloides and N. pachyderma left. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 17, 1249–1264.
Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L. C., Duplessy, J. C.,
McManus, J. F., Kandiano, E. S., et al. (2013). The ‘MIS11
paradox’ and ocean circulation: Role of millennial scale events.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 371–372, 258–268.
Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L. C., Roche, D. M.,
Duplessy, J. C., & Michel, E. (2010). Response of South Atlantic
deep waters to deglacial warming during terminations V and I.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 298, 323–333.
Waelbroeck, C., Labeyrie, L., Duplessy, J. C., Guiot, J., Labracherie,
M., Leclaire, H., et al. (1998). Improving past sea surface
temperature estimates based on planktonic fossil faunas. Paleoceanography, 13, 272–283.
Waelbroeck, C., Duplessy, J. C., Michel, E., Labeyrie, L., Paillard, D.,
& Duprat, J. (2001). The timing of the last deglaciation in North
Atlantic climate records. Nature, 412, 724–727.
Weijers, J. W., Schouten, S., Spaargaren, O. C., & Damsté, J. S. S.
(2006). Occurrence and distribution of tetraether membrane lipids in
soils: Implications for the use of the TEX86 proxy and the BIT
index. Organic Geochemistry, 37(12), 1680–1693.
Weldeab, S., Lea, D. W., Schneider, R. R., & Andersen, N. (2007).
155,000 years of West African monsoon and ocean thermal
evolution. Science, 316, 1303–1307.
21 Climate and the Evolution of the Ocean: The Paleoceanographic …
253