48
S. Droulias and L. Bougas
example via modification of the thin metal layer, e.g. via perforation, in order to take
advantage of the strong evanescent fields at the gaps.
In overall, we expect our findings to be of great interest for chiral-biosensing
applications, considering also that an angle-resolved CHISPR sensing scheme is a
surface-sensitive measurement and differs from conventional chiral-sensing techniques based on transmission measurements. Crucially, the CHISPR scheme and
its predicted signals we demonstrate are within, respectively, the capabilities and
sensitivity of current SPR instrumentation and, therefore, CHISPR measurements it
can be directly realized on existing SPR measurement instrumentations with slight
modifications on the analysis stage. Furthermore, CHISR has also the potential for
miniaturization and portable design [74–76] (we note here that recent developments
in nanophotonics have unveiled novel ways to develop nanoscale Stokes polarimeters
[77–79]), and such a possibility could enable compact devices for real-time sensing
of biological processes that occur in limited regions of space
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the European Commission Horizon 2020, ULTRA-CHIRAL
Project (grant no. FETOPEN-737071) for the financial support.
References
1. S.F. Mason, From Pasteur to parity violation: cosmic dissymmetry and the origins of biomolecular handedness. Ambix 38(2), 85–108 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1179/amb.1991.38.2.85
2. S.F. Mason, Optical activity and molecular dissymmetry. Contemp. Phys. 9(3), 239–256 (1968)
3. M. Levin, A.J.S. Klar, A.F. Ramsdell, Introduction to provocative questions in left–right asymmetry. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 371(1710), 20150399 (2016). https://doi.org/10.
1098/rstb.2015.0399, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstb.2015.0399
4. E.N. Fortson, L.L. Lewis, Atomic parity nonconservation experiments. Phys. Rep. 113(5)(5),
289–344 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(84)90005-X, http://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/037015738490005X
5. G.D. Fasman, Circular Dichroism and the Conformational Analysis of Biomolecules (Springer
US, New York, 2010)
6. S.M. Kelly, T.J. Jess, N.C. Price, How to study proteins by circular dichroism. Biochim.
Biophys. Acta 1751(2), 119–139 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.06.005, http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570963905001792
7. B. Nordén, A. Rodger, T. Dafforn, Linear Dichroism and Circular Dichroism (The Royal
Society of Chemistry, London, 2010)
8. A.J. Hutt, S.C. Tan, Drug chirality and its clinical significance. Drugs 52(5), 1–12 (1996).
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199600525-00003
9. Nguyen, L.A., He, H., Pham-Huy, C.: Chiral drugs: an overview. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. (IJBS) 2(2),
85–100 (2006). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23674971, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/PMC3614593/
10. S. Droulias, L. Bougas, Surface plasmon platform for angle-resolved chiral sensing. ACS
Photonics 6(6), 1485–1492 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00137
11. L.D. Barron, Molecular Light Scattering and Optical Activity, 2 edn. (Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535468
12. E.U. Condon, Theories of optical rotatory power. Rev. Mod. Phys. 9, 432–457 (1937). https://
doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.9.432, https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.9.432
S. Droulias and L. Bougas
example via modification of the thin metal layer, e.g. via perforation, in order to take
advantage of the strong evanescent fields at the gaps.
In overall, we expect our findings to be of great interest for chiral-biosensing
applications, considering also that an angle-resolved CHISPR sensing scheme is a
surface-sensitive measurement and differs from conventional chiral-sensing techniques based on transmission measurements. Crucially, the CHISPR scheme and
its predicted signals we demonstrate are within, respectively, the capabilities and
sensitivity of current SPR instrumentation and, therefore, CHISPR measurements it
can be directly realized on existing SPR measurement instrumentations with slight
modifications on the analysis stage. Furthermore, CHISR has also the potential for
miniaturization and portable design [74–76] (we note here that recent developments
in nanophotonics have unveiled novel ways to develop nanoscale Stokes polarimeters
[77–79]), and such a possibility could enable compact devices for real-time sensing
of biological processes that occur in limited regions of space
Acknowledgements We acknowledge the European Commission Horizon 2020, ULTRA-CHIRAL
Project (grant no. FETOPEN-737071) for the financial support.
References
1. S.F. Mason, From Pasteur to parity violation: cosmic dissymmetry and the origins of biomolecular handedness. Ambix 38(2), 85–108 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1179/amb.1991.38.2.85
2. S.F. Mason, Optical activity and molecular dissymmetry. Contemp. Phys. 9(3), 239–256 (1968)
3. M. Levin, A.J.S. Klar, A.F. Ramsdell, Introduction to provocative questions in left–right asymmetry. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 371(1710), 20150399 (2016). https://doi.org/10.
1098/rstb.2015.0399, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstb.2015.0399
4. E.N. Fortson, L.L. Lewis, Atomic parity nonconservation experiments. Phys. Rep. 113(5)(5),
289–344 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(84)90005-X, http://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/037015738490005X
5. G.D. Fasman, Circular Dichroism and the Conformational Analysis of Biomolecules (Springer
US, New York, 2010)
6. S.M. Kelly, T.J. Jess, N.C. Price, How to study proteins by circular dichroism. Biochim.
Biophys. Acta 1751(2), 119–139 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.06.005, http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570963905001792
7. B. Nordén, A. Rodger, T. Dafforn, Linear Dichroism and Circular Dichroism (The Royal
Society of Chemistry, London, 2010)
8. A.J. Hutt, S.C. Tan, Drug chirality and its clinical significance. Drugs 52(5), 1–12 (1996).
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199600525-00003
9. Nguyen, L.A., He, H., Pham-Huy, C.: Chiral drugs: an overview. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. (IJBS) 2(2),
85–100 (2006). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23674971, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/PMC3614593/
10. S. Droulias, L. Bougas, Surface plasmon platform for angle-resolved chiral sensing. ACS
Photonics 6(6), 1485–1492 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b00137
11. L.D. Barron, Molecular Light Scattering and Optical Activity, 2 edn. (Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535468
12. E.U. Condon, Theories of optical rotatory power. Rev. Mod. Phys. 9, 432–457 (1937). https://
doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.9.432, https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.9.432