43
polymer is not biodegradable, its usage is risky, especially for long-term treatment
(Fadeel 2019). In order to overcome this obstacles, researchers tried many various
particles. The interaction of pre-coated liposomes with immune cell were investigated (Giulimondi et al. 2019). They showed that liposomes coated with artificial
corona obtained from human plasma proteins mitigate capture by leukocytes and in
turn enabled extended duration in vivo. A research carried out by Cornovale et al.
revealed the shape and coating-dependent cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of gold
nanoparticles. Citrate gold nanospheres, tyrosine gold nanospheres, and tryptophan
gold nanospheres showed the highest cell viability at 100 μM gold nanoparticle
concentration in the presence of serum with respect to gold nanospheres stabilized
with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and citrate. A significant increase in viability was observed for tyrosine gold nanospheres when these nanoparticles were preincubated with serum and supplemented serum. The particle shape has also strong
effect on viability. While there was no significant change in cell viability for gold
nanoprisms in serum-free, serum pre-incubated, and serum-supplemented conditions, a dramatic increase was observed for gold nanospheres treated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in serum-supplemented media (72.1%) compared with
serum-free media (0%). Taking the concentration into account, in contrast to gold
nanorods and gold nanocubes, it was observed that there was a sharp decrease in
cell viability percentage for gold nanospheres and gold nanoprism for all three conditions. Also for all gold nanoparticle with different shapes, cellular uptake of particles is the highest in serum-free condition (Carnovale et al. 2019). It has been
reported that pristine nanoparticles with no corona have a higher cellular uptake
than ones with corona (Muller et al. 2018). However cellular uptake was shown to
be corona-dependent. Deglycosylation of nanoparticle can enhance of cellular
uptake depending on corona type (Ghazaryan et al. 2019). Cellular uptake was
observed to increase for Clusterin corona and to decrease for Apoprotein A1
(Renaudin et al. 2019). Another example for toxicity is related to usage of graphene
oxide. It has been reported that toxicity of graphene oxide, at low level concentration (10%), could be decreased considerably by coronation by fetal bovine serum.
However, graphene oxide with high dose may induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity (Zhang et al. 2019). Protein coating can also mitigate crystal-induced inflammation. It has been reported that Monosodium urate and monoclinic calcium
pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals coated with protein decreased IL-1β cytokine production. Silica nanoparticles were reported to adsorb strongly to cell membrane in
serum-free medium while the adsorption of nanoparticles with corona has been
relatively weak (Lesniak et al. 2012). However, there is no conclusive theory revealing the facts behind corona–cell interactions, and we can enjoy the fruits of corona
formation by tailoring its properties. One of the most promising sides of it is that
non-biocompatible nanoproducts can be biocompatible ones via coating with appropriate proteins. Hence, using appropriate coating can enhance drug efficiency and
alleviate side effect of drug. The most challenging obstacle is how much control
over this process can be taken. Probably in the very near future, special and quite
effective drugs delivery methods are to be introduced.
2 Nanomaterials and Human Health
polymer is not biodegradable, its usage is risky, especially for long-term treatment
(Fadeel 2019). In order to overcome this obstacles, researchers tried many various
particles. The interaction of pre-coated liposomes with immune cell were investigated (Giulimondi et al. 2019). They showed that liposomes coated with artificial
corona obtained from human plasma proteins mitigate capture by leukocytes and in
turn enabled extended duration in vivo. A research carried out by Cornovale et al.
revealed the shape and coating-dependent cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of gold
nanoparticles. Citrate gold nanospheres, tyrosine gold nanospheres, and tryptophan
gold nanospheres showed the highest cell viability at 100 μM gold nanoparticle
concentration in the presence of serum with respect to gold nanospheres stabilized
with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and citrate. A significant increase in viability was observed for tyrosine gold nanospheres when these nanoparticles were preincubated with serum and supplemented serum. The particle shape has also strong
effect on viability. While there was no significant change in cell viability for gold
nanoprisms in serum-free, serum pre-incubated, and serum-supplemented conditions, a dramatic increase was observed for gold nanospheres treated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in serum-supplemented media (72.1%) compared with
serum-free media (0%). Taking the concentration into account, in contrast to gold
nanorods and gold nanocubes, it was observed that there was a sharp decrease in
cell viability percentage for gold nanospheres and gold nanoprism for all three conditions. Also for all gold nanoparticle with different shapes, cellular uptake of particles is the highest in serum-free condition (Carnovale et al. 2019). It has been
reported that pristine nanoparticles with no corona have a higher cellular uptake
than ones with corona (Muller et al. 2018). However cellular uptake was shown to
be corona-dependent. Deglycosylation of nanoparticle can enhance of cellular
uptake depending on corona type (Ghazaryan et al. 2019). Cellular uptake was
observed to increase for Clusterin corona and to decrease for Apoprotein A1
(Renaudin et al. 2019). Another example for toxicity is related to usage of graphene
oxide. It has been reported that toxicity of graphene oxide, at low level concentration (10%), could be decreased considerably by coronation by fetal bovine serum.
However, graphene oxide with high dose may induce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity (Zhang et al. 2019). Protein coating can also mitigate crystal-induced inflammation. It has been reported that Monosodium urate and monoclinic calcium
pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals coated with protein decreased IL-1β cytokine production. Silica nanoparticles were reported to adsorb strongly to cell membrane in
serum-free medium while the adsorption of nanoparticles with corona has been
relatively weak (Lesniak et al. 2012). However, there is no conclusive theory revealing the facts behind corona–cell interactions, and we can enjoy the fruits of corona
formation by tailoring its properties. One of the most promising sides of it is that
non-biocompatible nanoproducts can be biocompatible ones via coating with appropriate proteins. Hence, using appropriate coating can enhance drug efficiency and
alleviate side effect of drug. The most challenging obstacle is how much control
over this process can be taken. Probably in the very near future, special and quite
effective drugs delivery methods are to be introduced.
2 Nanomaterials and Human Health