269
Table 10.2 Negative effects of NPs on plants
Sr.
No. Type of NPs Response
References
1. Ag NPs
Inhibited seed germination, shoot–root
growth, transpiration, biomass
accumulation, and transcript expression
of antioxidant and aquaporin genes;
decreased chlorophyll content;
disturbed water homeostasis,
chromosomal structure, and thylakoid
structure of chloroplasts; reproductive
growth of plants shortened by 3–4 days;
trophic transfer
Kumari et al. (2009), Stampoulis
et al. (2009), Yin et al. (2011), Lee
et al. (2012), Yin et al. (2012),
Pokhrel and Dubey (2013), Qian
et al. (2013), Mazumdar (2014),
Thuesombat et al. (2014), Vannini
et al. (2014), Ma et al. (2015),
Yasur and Pathipati (2015)
2. Al NPs
Inhibit root elongation
Yang and Watts (2005)
3. Au NPs
Leaf necrosis; trophic transfer
Judy et al. (2011), Sabo-Attwood
et al. (2012), Judy et al. (2012),
Unrine et al. (2012)
4. QDs
Inhibited growth and physiological
metabolism; trophic transfer
Marmiroli et al. (2014), Koo et al.
(2015)
5. CeO 2
Inhibited root–shoot growth; generated
free radicals, H 2 O 2 ; reduced antioxidant
potential, chlorophyll content, lignin
content and activities of antioxidant
enzymes; induced oxidative stress,
enhanced membrane damage,
electrolyte leakage; nutritionally
deficient seed formation
Ma et al. (2013), Rico et al. (Rico
et al. 2013a, b), Conway et al.
(2015), Du et al. (2015),
Majumdar et al. (2015), Mattiello
et al. (2015), Ma et al. (2016),
Majumdar et al. (2016)
6. Co, Ni,
CeO 2 ,
Fe 3 O 4 , SnO 2
and TiO 2
NPs
Inhibited stem length, biomass
accumulation of lower leaf, stem, and
root; trophic transfer
Mahmoodzadeh et al. (2013),
Antisari et al. (2015)
7. Cu, CuO
and
Cu(OH) 2
Inhibited root length, shoot length, and
plant biomass accumulation
Lee et al. (2008), Stampoulis et al.
(2009), Wang et al. (2012b),
Conway et al. (2015), Dimkpa
et al. (2015)
8. Fe oxide and
magnetic
NPs
Inhibited stem length; reduced
chlorophyll a/b ratio; induced
chromosomal aberrations
Racuciu et al. (2009), Racuciu
and Creanga (2009a)
9. Fullrenes
Inhibited hypocotyl growth, root
elongation; disturbed root gravitropism
responses; disruption of cell wall and
cell membrane of roots
Liu et al. (Liu et al. 2010, Liu
et al. 2013)
10. Graphene
oxide sheets
Induced oxidative stress to plants
Anjum et al. (2013)
(continued)
10 Phytoresponse to Nanoparticle Exposure