C hapter 10 nanomaterial product Forms and Functions
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ment and skin care or protection—provide the primary drivers for
today’s industry.
The term makeup is often used to describe products associated with
adornment. These products cover or hide wrinkles, blemishes, and
other flaws. They add color or smooth skins. They include a vast
array of products, from lipsticks to face powders. Makeup can be
made from organic or inorganic materials. Those that have a coloring function normally employ a variety of pigments that reflect light
in certain ways, to generate many colors and color gradations. Zinc,
titanium, and iron oxides embedded in a matrix material are in
common use as pigments and come in many particle-size variations,
including ultrafine. Various treatments are possible so that final
surfaces can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or lipophobic (allowing oil to be dispersed). Considerable attention is paid to making
applications compatible, stable, and long wearing. Multi layers are
common and often used for special color or optical effects, such as
iridescence (see Section 9.5).
Skin-care or protection products range from sunscreens to moisturizing agents. They either interact directly with the skin or
provide some type of active ingredient that provides a function,
such as anti-acne medication. Common objectives include providing safety against harmful effects of UV wavelengths from the
sun, hydrating the skin, delivering various antibacterial and antifungal agents (e.g., foot powders), and delivering specific medications. Obviously, materials vary widely according to objectives.
In the case of sunscreens, objectives are primarily to prevent
sunburn, but they also serve to mitigate solar-induced keratoses.
Two types exist: chemical blockers that absorb problematic UV
radiation and physical blockers that reflect or scatter UV rays.
Materials are obviously quite different. Titanium dioxide and
zinc oxides are common physical blockers that reflect or scatter
a wide range of UV wavelengths. Materials such as benzophenones or cinnamates work by absorbing UV radiation at specific
wavelengths.
Both makeup and skin-care products contain active ingredients,
such as titanium dioxide, that need to be delivered in a form and
intensity to the right skin locations. Usually the active ingredient
is contained within a matrix material commonly called the vehicle
or carrier. This material can assume many forms, including emulsions, creams, or aerosols. They may in themselves serve a primary
role, such as coloration, or be a carrier for a more specific active
ingredient. In either case, getting the right matrix material design
460
ment and skin care or protection—provide the primary drivers for
today’s industry.
The term makeup is often used to describe products associated with
adornment. These products cover or hide wrinkles, blemishes, and
other flaws. They add color or smooth skins. They include a vast
array of products, from lipsticks to face powders. Makeup can be
made from organic or inorganic materials. Those that have a coloring function normally employ a variety of pigments that reflect light
in certain ways, to generate many colors and color gradations. Zinc,
titanium, and iron oxides embedded in a matrix material are in
common use as pigments and come in many particle-size variations,
including ultrafine. Various treatments are possible so that final
surfaces can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or lipophobic (allowing oil to be dispersed). Considerable attention is paid to making
applications compatible, stable, and long wearing. Multi layers are
common and often used for special color or optical effects, such as
iridescence (see Section 9.5).
Skin-care or protection products range from sunscreens to moisturizing agents. They either interact directly with the skin or
provide some type of active ingredient that provides a function,
such as anti-acne medication. Common objectives include providing safety against harmful effects of UV wavelengths from the
sun, hydrating the skin, delivering various antibacterial and antifungal agents (e.g., foot powders), and delivering specific medications. Obviously, materials vary widely according to objectives.
In the case of sunscreens, objectives are primarily to prevent
sunburn, but they also serve to mitigate solar-induced keratoses.
Two types exist: chemical blockers that absorb problematic UV
radiation and physical blockers that reflect or scatter UV rays.
Materials are obviously quite different. Titanium dioxide and
zinc oxides are common physical blockers that reflect or scatter
a wide range of UV wavelengths. Materials such as benzophenones or cinnamates work by absorbing UV radiation at specific
wavelengths.
Both makeup and skin-care products contain active ingredients,
such as titanium dioxide, that need to be delivered in a form and
intensity to the right skin locations. Usually the active ingredient
is contained within a matrix material commonly called the vehicle
or carrier. This material can assume many forms, including emulsions, creams, or aerosols. They may in themselves serve a primary
role, such as coloration, or be a carrier for a more specific active
ingredient. In either case, getting the right matrix material design