Figure 7.11
(a) A chart for tensile strength and density for engineering materials. The members of each class are enclosed in envelopes. (b) A chart for tensile
strength and density for nanomaterials. The envelopes for engineering materials are shown as shadows in the background.
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
Density, ρ (Mg/m 3 )
0.01
(a)
10
0.1
1
100
Tnsile strength,
σ
t (MPa)
MFA, 08
PP
PE
Foams
Polymers and
elastomers
Metals
Ceramics
Composites
Natural
materials
Lead alloys
Tungsten
alloys
Steels
Ti
alloys
Mg alloys
CFRP
Al
alloys
Rigid polymer
foams
Flexible polymer
foams
Ni alloys
Copper
alloys
Zinc alloys
PA
PMMA
PC
PET
Cork
Woods, ll
Butyl
rubber Silicone
elastomers
Concrete
Tungsten
carbide
Al 2 O 3
SiC
Si 3 N 4
Tensile strength–Density
Tensile strength (MPa)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
MFA, 08
Density, ρ (Mg/m 3 )
0.01
(b)
10
0.1
1
100
Foams
Polymers
and elastomers
Metals
Standard
composites
Natural
materials
Ceramics
Nanowires
of Cu, Ag, Au
1-D carbon
nanostructures
3-D ceramic
nanocomposites
Metalic
nanocomposites
Nanocrystalline
metals
Polymer
CNT composites
Polymer-ceramic
nanocomposites
1-D metallic
nanostructures
Tensile strength–Density