Figure 7.9
(a) A chart for modulus and density of engineering materials. The members of each class are enclosed in envelopes. (b) A chart for modulus and
density of nanomaterials. The envelopes for engineering materials are shown as shadows in the background.
Density, ρ (Mg/m 3 )
0.01
Young's modulus, E (GPa)
10 -4
0.1
(a)
1
10
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
1
10
100
1000
Polyester
Foams
Polymers
Metals
Technical
ceramics
Composites
Lead alloys
W alloys
Steels
Ti alloys
Mg alloys
CFRP
GFRP
Al alloys
Rigid polymer
foams
Flexible polymer
foams
Ni alloys
Cu alloys
Zinc alloys
PA
PEEK
PMMA
PC
PET
Cork
Wood
Butyl
rubber
Silicone
elastomers
Concrete
WC
Al 2 O 3
SiC
Si 3 N 4
Young's modulus–Density
B 4 C
Epoxies
PS
PTFE
EVA
Neoprene
Isoprene
Polyurethane
Leather
MFA, 07
PP
PE
Glass
// grain
grain
T
Elastomers
Wood
Nontechnical
ceramics
Natural
materials
Density, ρ (Mg/m 3 )
0.01
Young's modulus, E (GPa)
10 -4
0.1
(b)
1
10
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
1
10
100
1000
Foams
Polymers
Metals
Standard
composites
Natural
materials
Ceramics
Young's modulus–Density
MFA, 08
Elastomers
Polymer
nanocomposites
Metalic
nanocomposites
Nanocrystalline
metals
Nanotubes
and fibers
Ceramic
nanocomposites