112
6 Material Modification by High-Power Load …
18. T. Tanabe, Y. Ueda, V. Philipps et al., High Z limiter test in TEXTOR: thermal response and
post-mortem analysis. Fusion Eng. Des. 28, 13 (1995)
19. D.I. Skovorodin, A.A. Pshenov, A.S. Arakcheev, Vapor shielding models and the energy
absorbed by divertor targets during transient events. Phys, Plasmas 23, 022501 (2016)
20. V.M. Safronov, N.I. Arkhipov, I.S. Landman, Evaporation and vapor shielding of CFC targets
exposed to plasma heat fluxes relevant to ITER ELMs. J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388, 744–746
(2009)
21. A. Kallenbach, M. Bernert, R. Dux et al., Impurity seeding for tokamak power exhaust: from
present devices via ITER to DEMO, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55(10), 124041 (2013)
22. T. Nakano, N. Asakura, H. Takenaga et al., Impact of wall saturation on particle control in long
and high-power-heated discharges in JT-60U. Nucl. Fusion 46, 626–634 (2006)
23. T. Nakano, N. Asakura, H. Takenaga et al., Particle balance under global wall saturation in
long-pulse discharges of JT-60U. J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365, 1315–1322 (2007)
24. M. Ulrickson, The JET team, A review of carbon blooms on JET and TFTR. J. Nucl. Mater.
176–177, 44–50 (1990)
25. T. Nakano et al., Radiation process of carbon ions in JT-60U detached divertor plasmas. J.
Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 255–258 (2009)
26. T. Tanabe, Revisiting Carbon Materials as Plasma-Facing Materials of a Fusion Reactor. Plasma
Phys. Rep. 45, 300–314 (2019)
27. I. Uytdenhouwen, M. Decréton, T. Hirai et al., Influence of recrystallization on thermal shock
resistance of various tungsten grades. J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365, 1099–1103 (2007)
28. G. Pintsuk, W. Kühnlein, J. Linke, M. Rödig, Investigation of tungsten and beryllium behavior
under short transient events. Fusion Eng. Des. 82, 1720–1729 (2007)
29. S.E. Pestchany, J. Linke, Simulation of cracks in tungsten under ITER specific transient heat
loads. Fusion Eng. Des. 82, 1657–1663 (2007)
30. A. Zhitlukhin, G. Federici, R. Giniyatulin, et al. Experimental assessment of the effects of
ELMs and disruptions on ITER divertor armour materials, in Proceedings of 20th IAEA Fusion
Energy Conference, 2004, IT/P3–30
31. V Kh, Alimov, J. Roth, R.A. Causey R A et al., Deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to lowenergy, high-flux clean and carbon-seeded deuterium plasmas. J. Nucl. Mater. 375, 192–201
(2008)
32. Y. Ueda, M. Fukumoto, J. Yoshida et al., Simultaneous irradiation effects of hydrogen and
helium ions on tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388, 725–728 (2009)
33. V.Kh. Alimov, W.M. Shu, J. Roth et al., Temperature dependence of surface topography and
deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high-flux D plasma. J. Nucl. Mater.
417, 572–575 (2011)
34. G.M. Wright, M. Mayer, K. Ertl et al., Hydrogenic retention in irradiated tungsten exposed to
high-flux plasma. Nucl. Fusion 50, 075006 (2010)
35. V.Kh. Alimov, W.M. Shu, J. Roth et al., Surface morphology and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas. Phys. Scr.
T138(5), 014048 (2009)
36. A. Manhard, K. Schmid, M. Balden, W. Jacob, Influence of the microstructure on the deuterium
retention in tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 415, S632–S635 (2011)
37. M. Balden, S. Lindig, A. Manhard, J-Ha You, D 2 gas-filled blisters on deuterium-bombarded
tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 414, 69–72 (2011)
38. S. Lindig, M. Balden, V.Kh. Alimov, et al. Subsurface morphology changes due to deuterium
bombardment of tungsten, Physica Scripta, T138 (2009) 014040(5 pp)
39. W.M. Shu, G.-N. Luo, T. Yamanishi, Mechanisms of retention and blistering in near-surface
region of tungsten exposed to high flux deuterium plasmas of tens of eV. J. Nucl. Mater.
367–370, 1463–1467 (2007)
40. W.M. Shu, A. Kawasuso, T. Yamanishi, Recent findings on blistering and deuterium retention in
tungsten exposed to high-fluence deuterium plasma. J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388, 356–359 (2009)
41. W.M. Shu, M. Nakamichi, VKh Alimov et al., Deuterium retention, blistering and local melting
at tungsten exposed to high-fluence deuterium plasma. J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 1017–1021
(2009)
6 Material Modification by High-Power Load …
18. T. Tanabe, Y. Ueda, V. Philipps et al., High Z limiter test in TEXTOR: thermal response and
post-mortem analysis. Fusion Eng. Des. 28, 13 (1995)
19. D.I. Skovorodin, A.A. Pshenov, A.S. Arakcheev, Vapor shielding models and the energy
absorbed by divertor targets during transient events. Phys, Plasmas 23, 022501 (2016)
20. V.M. Safronov, N.I. Arkhipov, I.S. Landman, Evaporation and vapor shielding of CFC targets
exposed to plasma heat fluxes relevant to ITER ELMs. J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388, 744–746
(2009)
21. A. Kallenbach, M. Bernert, R. Dux et al., Impurity seeding for tokamak power exhaust: from
present devices via ITER to DEMO, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 55(10), 124041 (2013)
22. T. Nakano, N. Asakura, H. Takenaga et al., Impact of wall saturation on particle control in long
and high-power-heated discharges in JT-60U. Nucl. Fusion 46, 626–634 (2006)
23. T. Nakano, N. Asakura, H. Takenaga et al., Particle balance under global wall saturation in
long-pulse discharges of JT-60U. J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365, 1315–1322 (2007)
24. M. Ulrickson, The JET team, A review of carbon blooms on JET and TFTR. J. Nucl. Mater.
176–177, 44–50 (1990)
25. T. Nakano et al., Radiation process of carbon ions in JT-60U detached divertor plasmas. J.
Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 255–258 (2009)
26. T. Tanabe, Revisiting Carbon Materials as Plasma-Facing Materials of a Fusion Reactor. Plasma
Phys. Rep. 45, 300–314 (2019)
27. I. Uytdenhouwen, M. Decréton, T. Hirai et al., Influence of recrystallization on thermal shock
resistance of various tungsten grades. J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365, 1099–1103 (2007)
28. G. Pintsuk, W. Kühnlein, J. Linke, M. Rödig, Investigation of tungsten and beryllium behavior
under short transient events. Fusion Eng. Des. 82, 1720–1729 (2007)
29. S.E. Pestchany, J. Linke, Simulation of cracks in tungsten under ITER specific transient heat
loads. Fusion Eng. Des. 82, 1657–1663 (2007)
30. A. Zhitlukhin, G. Federici, R. Giniyatulin, et al. Experimental assessment of the effects of
ELMs and disruptions on ITER divertor armour materials, in Proceedings of 20th IAEA Fusion
Energy Conference, 2004, IT/P3–30
31. V Kh, Alimov, J. Roth, R.A. Causey R A et al., Deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to lowenergy, high-flux clean and carbon-seeded deuterium plasmas. J. Nucl. Mater. 375, 192–201
(2008)
32. Y. Ueda, M. Fukumoto, J. Yoshida et al., Simultaneous irradiation effects of hydrogen and
helium ions on tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388, 725–728 (2009)
33. V.Kh. Alimov, W.M. Shu, J. Roth et al., Temperature dependence of surface topography and
deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high-flux D plasma. J. Nucl. Mater.
417, 572–575 (2011)
34. G.M. Wright, M. Mayer, K. Ertl et al., Hydrogenic retention in irradiated tungsten exposed to
high-flux plasma. Nucl. Fusion 50, 075006 (2010)
35. V.Kh. Alimov, W.M. Shu, J. Roth et al., Surface morphology and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas. Phys. Scr.
T138(5), 014048 (2009)
36. A. Manhard, K. Schmid, M. Balden, W. Jacob, Influence of the microstructure on the deuterium
retention in tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 415, S632–S635 (2011)
37. M. Balden, S. Lindig, A. Manhard, J-Ha You, D 2 gas-filled blisters on deuterium-bombarded
tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 414, 69–72 (2011)
38. S. Lindig, M. Balden, V.Kh. Alimov, et al. Subsurface morphology changes due to deuterium
bombardment of tungsten, Physica Scripta, T138 (2009) 014040(5 pp)
39. W.M. Shu, G.-N. Luo, T. Yamanishi, Mechanisms of retention and blistering in near-surface
region of tungsten exposed to high flux deuterium plasmas of tens of eV. J. Nucl. Mater.
367–370, 1463–1467 (2007)
40. W.M. Shu, A. Kawasuso, T. Yamanishi, Recent findings on blistering and deuterium retention in
tungsten exposed to high-fluence deuterium plasma. J. Nucl. Mater. 386–388, 356–359 (2009)
41. W.M. Shu, M. Nakamichi, VKh Alimov et al., Deuterium retention, blistering and local melting
at tungsten exposed to high-fluence deuterium plasma. J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 1017–1021
(2009)