Optimistic views are not absent in the global panorama, at least for what concerns the OPEX costs [20]. Such study, old of 10 years now, has compared the cost
of several energy-production technologies to the IGCC cost. Interestingly, the study
affirms that OPEX for nuclear plant with advanced reactor designs would be
£1 200/kW (1 £ = ca. 1.3 US$), with the cheapest eolic option at £1 070/kW for an
onshore wind farm and £1 375/kW for offshore wind tower: such values are
comparable to the cost of IGCC without carbon sequestration, set at £1 250/kW.
The price of CO 2 capture and storage would be strongly dependent on the geographic area and the distance of the production from the storage site. Renewables
(biomass) and solar were estimated to be more than double the IGCC cost per
kilowatt installed in the same study.
If IGCC will guarantee clean electric energy, it will result to be a strong support
to the use of coal, the most abundant fossil-C we have.
References
1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Historical_CO2_levels_based_on_proxy_(indirect)
_measurements.png
2. a) Friedman A (2013) IPCC report. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/ipcc-climatechange-report-contains-grave-carbon-budget-message-16569; b) Cointe B, Ravon PA,
Guerin E (2011) 2°C: the history of a policy-science nexus. Working papers n° 19/11.
Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Paris. https://doi.org/10.
13140/RG.2.1.1876.0564
3. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/EPLP-086.pdf
4. a) https://www.mpoweruk.com/energy_efficiency.htm; b) https://greatercea.org/lightbulbefficiency-comparison-chart/
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225651919_Energy_efficiency_technologies_for_
road_vehicles
6. Papapetru M, Kosmakadis G, Cipollina A, La Commare U, Micale G (2018) Industrial waste
heat: estimation of the technically available resource in the EU per industrial sector,
temperature level and country. Appl Therm Eng 138:207–216
7. Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Dumeignil F (2012) Biorefinery from biomass to chemicals and
fuels. De Gruyter
8. Salassi ME, Brown K, Hilbun BM, Deliberto MA, Gravois KA, Mark TB, Falconer LI (2014)
Farm-scale cost of producing perennial energy cane as a biofuel feedstock. BioEnergy Res
7:609–619
9. De Cicco JM (2018) Methodological issues regarding biofuels and carbon uptake.
Sustainability 10:1581–1596
10. Hammond GP, Li B (2016) Environmental and resource burdens associated with world
biofuel production out to 2050: footprint components from carbon emissions and land use to
waste arisings and water consumption. Glob Change Biol Bioenergy 8:894–908
11. Hammond GP, Seth SM (2013) Carbon and environmental footprinting of global biofuel
production. Appl Energy 112:547–559
12. https://www.eere.energy.gov
13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271040257_A_Review_of_Life_Cycle_
Assessment_LCA_of_Bioethanol_from_Lignocellulosic_Biomass
14. IEA, Technology roadmap: biofuels for transport. OECD/IEA
15. Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, He N (2013) Report for the catalyst group
58
4 Reduction of the CO 2 Production
of several energy-production technologies to the IGCC cost. Interestingly, the study
affirms that OPEX for nuclear plant with advanced reactor designs would be
£1 200/kW (1 £ = ca. 1.3 US$), with the cheapest eolic option at £1 070/kW for an
onshore wind farm and £1 375/kW for offshore wind tower: such values are
comparable to the cost of IGCC without carbon sequestration, set at £1 250/kW.
The price of CO 2 capture and storage would be strongly dependent on the geographic area and the distance of the production from the storage site. Renewables
(biomass) and solar were estimated to be more than double the IGCC cost per
kilowatt installed in the same study.
If IGCC will guarantee clean electric energy, it will result to be a strong support
to the use of coal, the most abundant fossil-C we have.
References
1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Historical_CO2_levels_based_on_proxy_(indirect)
_measurements.png
2. a) Friedman A (2013) IPCC report. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/ipcc-climatechange-report-contains-grave-carbon-budget-message-16569; b) Cointe B, Ravon PA,
Guerin E (2011) 2°C: the history of a policy-science nexus. Working papers n° 19/11.
Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Paris. https://doi.org/10.
13140/RG.2.1.1876.0564
3. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/EPLP-086.pdf
4. a) https://www.mpoweruk.com/energy_efficiency.htm; b) https://greatercea.org/lightbulbefficiency-comparison-chart/
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225651919_Energy_efficiency_technologies_for_
road_vehicles
6. Papapetru M, Kosmakadis G, Cipollina A, La Commare U, Micale G (2018) Industrial waste
heat: estimation of the technically available resource in the EU per industrial sector,
temperature level and country. Appl Therm Eng 138:207–216
7. Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Dumeignil F (2012) Biorefinery from biomass to chemicals and
fuels. De Gruyter
8. Salassi ME, Brown K, Hilbun BM, Deliberto MA, Gravois KA, Mark TB, Falconer LI (2014)
Farm-scale cost of producing perennial energy cane as a biofuel feedstock. BioEnergy Res
7:609–619
9. De Cicco JM (2018) Methodological issues regarding biofuels and carbon uptake.
Sustainability 10:1581–1596
10. Hammond GP, Li B (2016) Environmental and resource burdens associated with world
biofuel production out to 2050: footprint components from carbon emissions and land use to
waste arisings and water consumption. Glob Change Biol Bioenergy 8:894–908
11. Hammond GP, Seth SM (2013) Carbon and environmental footprinting of global biofuel
production. Appl Energy 112:547–559
12. https://www.eere.energy.gov
13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271040257_A_Review_of_Life_Cycle_
Assessment_LCA_of_Bioethanol_from_Lignocellulosic_Biomass
14. IEA, Technology roadmap: biofuels for transport. OECD/IEA
15. Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, He N (2013) Report for the catalyst group
58
4 Reduction of the CO 2 Production