original oxide (MO x ) converting water into H 2 and CO 2 into CO. CeO 2 (cerium di
oxide used for residual fuels, CO and NO conversion in catalytic converters in cars)
(Fig. 10.11) finds application in such process. It can release one oxygen per two
CeO 2 oxide units and converts into Ce 2 O 3 . The latter converts back to CeO 2 taking
one O-atom from water or CO 2 .
It is worth to emphasize that the loss of oxygen may not be stoichiometric, which
means that the loss of oxygen may be much lower than 1 per two CeO 2 units.
Oxygen can, thus, be lost in sub-stoichiometric amounts, by producing seldom
vacancies in the lattice. In order to make easier the loss of oxygen, CeO 2 can be
modified in several ways by adding other oxides which modify the original lattice
structure and bond energy. Hydrogen and CO are used in the FT process to produce
liquid hydrocarbons or can be converted into methanol, as we have already seen. As
both CO 2 and H 2 O (vapor) can be captured from the atmosphere, the product is named
Diesel from air [15].
References
1. Ciamician G (1912) La fotochimica dell’avvenire, VIII international congress on applied
chemistry, Washington and New York, 4–13 September 1912, 28:135–150
2. a) Armaroli N, Artero V, Centi G, Dibenedetto A, Hammarstroem M, Mul G, Pickett C,
Rau S, Reek NH (2016) Solar driven chemistry. EUCheMS; b) Aresta M, Dibenedetto A,
Angelini A (1996) The use of solar energy can enhance the conversion of carbon dioxide into
energy-rich products: stepping towards artificial photosynthesis. Phil Trans Royal Soc A Math
Phys Eng Sci 371:20120111
3. a) Andaloro A, Mazzucchelli ES, Lucchini A (2016) Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings for
building façade maintenance. Performance analysis through a case-study application. J Facade
Design Eng 4:115–129; b) https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/
parameters/weather/photosynthetically-active-radiation/
4. https://solarlight.com/product/xps-300-xenon-lamp-power-supply/
5. Hawecker J, Lehn JM, Ziessel R (1983) Efficient photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO by
visible light irradiation of systems containing Re(bipy)(CO) 3 X or Ru(bipy) 3
2+ -Co
2+
combinations as homogeneous catalysts. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 9:536–538
6. a) Hori Y, Wakebe H, Tsukamoto T, Koga O (1994) Electrocatalytic process of CO selectivity
in electrochemical reduction of CO 2 at metal electrodes in aqueous media. Electroch Acta 39
(11–12):1833–1839; b) Hori Y (2008) Electrochemical CO 2 reduction on metal electrodes. In:
Modern aspects of electrochemistry, 3rd edn. Vayenas, pp 42, 89–189
7. Dibenedetto A, Zhang J, Trochowski M, Angelini A, Macyk W, Aresta M (2017)
Photocatalytic carboxylation of CH bonds promoted by popped graphene oxide (PGO) either
bare or loaded with CuO. J CO 2 Util 20:97–104
8. a) Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Baran T, Wojtyła S, Macyk W (2015) Solar energy utilization in
the direct photocarboxylation of 2,3-dihydrofuran using CO 2 . Faraday Discuss. 183:413; b)
Baran T, Wojtyła S, Dibenedetto A, Aresta M, Macyk W (2016) Photocatalytic carbon
dioxide reduction at p‐type copper (I) iodide. ChemSusChem 9(20):2933–2938
9. a) Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Quaranta E (2016) State of the art and perspectives in catalytic
processes for CO 2 conversion into chemicals and fuels: the distinctive contribution of
chemical catalysis and biotechnology. J Catalys, 343:2–45; b) Schreier M, Héroguel F,
Steier L, Ahmad S, Luterbacher JS, Mayer MT, Luo J, Graetzel M (2017) Solar conversion of
CO 2 to CO using Earth-abundant electrocatalysts prepared by atomic layer modification of
CuO. Nature Energy 2(7):17087–17096
190
10 Solar Chemistry and CO 2 Conversion
oxide used for residual fuels, CO and NO conversion in catalytic converters in cars)
(Fig. 10.11) finds application in such process. It can release one oxygen per two
CeO 2 oxide units and converts into Ce 2 O 3 . The latter converts back to CeO 2 taking
one O-atom from water or CO 2 .
It is worth to emphasize that the loss of oxygen may not be stoichiometric, which
means that the loss of oxygen may be much lower than 1 per two CeO 2 units.
Oxygen can, thus, be lost in sub-stoichiometric amounts, by producing seldom
vacancies in the lattice. In order to make easier the loss of oxygen, CeO 2 can be
modified in several ways by adding other oxides which modify the original lattice
structure and bond energy. Hydrogen and CO are used in the FT process to produce
liquid hydrocarbons or can be converted into methanol, as we have already seen. As
both CO 2 and H 2 O (vapor) can be captured from the atmosphere, the product is named
Diesel from air [15].
References
1. Ciamician G (1912) La fotochimica dell’avvenire, VIII international congress on applied
chemistry, Washington and New York, 4–13 September 1912, 28:135–150
2. a) Armaroli N, Artero V, Centi G, Dibenedetto A, Hammarstroem M, Mul G, Pickett C,
Rau S, Reek NH (2016) Solar driven chemistry. EUCheMS; b) Aresta M, Dibenedetto A,
Angelini A (1996) The use of solar energy can enhance the conversion of carbon dioxide into
energy-rich products: stepping towards artificial photosynthesis. Phil Trans Royal Soc A Math
Phys Eng Sci 371:20120111
3. a) Andaloro A, Mazzucchelli ES, Lucchini A (2016) Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings for
building façade maintenance. Performance analysis through a case-study application. J Facade
Design Eng 4:115–129; b) https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/
parameters/weather/photosynthetically-active-radiation/
4. https://solarlight.com/product/xps-300-xenon-lamp-power-supply/
5. Hawecker J, Lehn JM, Ziessel R (1983) Efficient photochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO by
visible light irradiation of systems containing Re(bipy)(CO) 3 X or Ru(bipy) 3
2+ -Co
2+
combinations as homogeneous catalysts. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 9:536–538
6. a) Hori Y, Wakebe H, Tsukamoto T, Koga O (1994) Electrocatalytic process of CO selectivity
in electrochemical reduction of CO 2 at metal electrodes in aqueous media. Electroch Acta 39
(11–12):1833–1839; b) Hori Y (2008) Electrochemical CO 2 reduction on metal electrodes. In:
Modern aspects of electrochemistry, 3rd edn. Vayenas, pp 42, 89–189
7. Dibenedetto A, Zhang J, Trochowski M, Angelini A, Macyk W, Aresta M (2017)
Photocatalytic carboxylation of CH bonds promoted by popped graphene oxide (PGO) either
bare or loaded with CuO. J CO 2 Util 20:97–104
8. a) Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Baran T, Wojtyła S, Macyk W (2015) Solar energy utilization in
the direct photocarboxylation of 2,3-dihydrofuran using CO 2 . Faraday Discuss. 183:413; b)
Baran T, Wojtyła S, Dibenedetto A, Aresta M, Macyk W (2016) Photocatalytic carbon
dioxide reduction at p‐type copper (I) iodide. ChemSusChem 9(20):2933–2938
9. a) Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Quaranta E (2016) State of the art and perspectives in catalytic
processes for CO 2 conversion into chemicals and fuels: the distinctive contribution of
chemical catalysis and biotechnology. J Catalys, 343:2–45; b) Schreier M, Héroguel F,
Steier L, Ahmad S, Luterbacher JS, Mayer MT, Luo J, Graetzel M (2017) Solar conversion of
CO 2 to CO using Earth-abundant electrocatalysts prepared by atomic layer modification of
CuO. Nature Energy 2(7):17087–17096
190
10 Solar Chemistry and CO 2 Conversion