452
Y. Shimada et al.
of GSHP were reduced by 26 to 28.6% compared with ASHP. That is, changes in
groundwater flow and subsurface temperature did not greatly influence on the lifecycle environmental load. These results indicate that the introduction of GSHP to
Bangkok would reduce the environmental load.
However, the environmental load of the manufacturing and installation stage in
this study accounted for larger portion than that in the other areas, e.g., United
Kingdom and China. This indicated that GSHP in Bangkok requires large ground
heat exchanger compared to these areas. For instance, under the conditions of this
study, the space for the installation of ground heat exchanger was approximately
twice as the total floor area of building. Since there are barriers in terms of the
space and economic constraint, the installation of optimally-designed ground heat
exchanger in this study are difficult to realize.
Therefore, for the future research of GSHP in Bangkok, not only the environmental
assessment, but also the economic assessment will be vital based on the combined
operation with ASHP and on the optimally-designed ground heat exchanger.
References
Chirarattananon S, Taweekun J (2003) A technical review of energy conservation programs for
commercial and government buildings in Thailand. Energy Convers Manag 44:743–762
Chokchai S, Chotpantarat S, Takashima I, Uchida Y, Widiatmojo A, Yasukawa K, Charusiri P
(2018) A Pilot Study on Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP) use for cooling operations, and on GHP
site selection in tropical regions based on a case study in Thailand. Energies 11:2356
Crawley DB, Lawrie LK, Pedersen CO, Winkelmann FC (2000) Energy plus: energy simulation
program. ASHRAE J 42:49–56
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (2017) EGAT overview. Available at https://www.
egat.co.th/en/images/publication/EGAT-Overview-2018_en.pdf
Greening B, Azapagic A (2012) Domestic heat pumps: life cycle environmental impacts and
potential implications for the UK. Energy 39:205–217
Hasegawa I, Nohara F, Murakami S, Ninomiya H, Ishino H, Iida R (2017) General-purpose
building energy simulation program ‘BEST’ for the energy-saving standards in Japan. ASHRAE
Transactions 123
Hokkaido University geothermal utilization system engineering course (2007) Ground source heat
pump. (In Japanese) Ohmsha, Tokyo
Katsura T, Nagano K, Takeda S (2008) Method of calculation of the ground temperature for multiple
ground heat exchangers. Appl Therm Eng 28:1995–2004
Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2012) LCA guidelines on GHG emission reduction effect of
GSHP system ver1.0 (In Japanese). Available at http://www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/lca/pdf/gui
deline03.pdf
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry (2017) Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis. Available
at. http://www.jemai.or.jp/lca/idea/
Nagano K, Katsura T, Takeda S (2006) Development of a design and performance prediction tool
for the ground source heat pump system. Appl Therm Eng 26:1578–1592
Ren C, Deng Y, Cao S-J (2018) Evaluation of polyethylene and steel heat exchangers of ground
source heat pump systems based on seasonal performance comparison and life cycle assessment.
Energy Build 162:54–64
Y. Shimada et al.
of GSHP were reduced by 26 to 28.6% compared with ASHP. That is, changes in
groundwater flow and subsurface temperature did not greatly influence on the lifecycle environmental load. These results indicate that the introduction of GSHP to
Bangkok would reduce the environmental load.
However, the environmental load of the manufacturing and installation stage in
this study accounted for larger portion than that in the other areas, e.g., United
Kingdom and China. This indicated that GSHP in Bangkok requires large ground
heat exchanger compared to these areas. For instance, under the conditions of this
study, the space for the installation of ground heat exchanger was approximately
twice as the total floor area of building. Since there are barriers in terms of the
space and economic constraint, the installation of optimally-designed ground heat
exchanger in this study are difficult to realize.
Therefore, for the future research of GSHP in Bangkok, not only the environmental
assessment, but also the economic assessment will be vital based on the combined
operation with ASHP and on the optimally-designed ground heat exchanger.
References
Chirarattananon S, Taweekun J (2003) A technical review of energy conservation programs for
commercial and government buildings in Thailand. Energy Convers Manag 44:743–762
Chokchai S, Chotpantarat S, Takashima I, Uchida Y, Widiatmojo A, Yasukawa K, Charusiri P
(2018) A Pilot Study on Geothermal Heat Pump (GHP) use for cooling operations, and on GHP
site selection in tropical regions based on a case study in Thailand. Energies 11:2356
Crawley DB, Lawrie LK, Pedersen CO, Winkelmann FC (2000) Energy plus: energy simulation
program. ASHRAE J 42:49–56
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (2017) EGAT overview. Available at https://www.
egat.co.th/en/images/publication/EGAT-Overview-2018_en.pdf
Greening B, Azapagic A (2012) Domestic heat pumps: life cycle environmental impacts and
potential implications for the UK. Energy 39:205–217
Hasegawa I, Nohara F, Murakami S, Ninomiya H, Ishino H, Iida R (2017) General-purpose
building energy simulation program ‘BEST’ for the energy-saving standards in Japan. ASHRAE
Transactions 123
Hokkaido University geothermal utilization system engineering course (2007) Ground source heat
pump. (In Japanese) Ohmsha, Tokyo
Katsura T, Nagano K, Takeda S (2008) Method of calculation of the ground temperature for multiple
ground heat exchangers. Appl Therm Eng 28:1995–2004
Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2012) LCA guidelines on GHG emission reduction effect of
GSHP system ver1.0 (In Japanese). Available at http://www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/lca/pdf/gui
deline03.pdf
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry (2017) Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis. Available
at. http://www.jemai.or.jp/lca/idea/
Nagano K, Katsura T, Takeda S (2006) Development of a design and performance prediction tool
for the ground source heat pump system. Appl Therm Eng 26:1578–1592
Ren C, Deng Y, Cao S-J (2018) Evaluation of polyethylene and steel heat exchangers of ground
source heat pump systems based on seasonal performance comparison and life cycle assessment.
Energy Build 162:54–64