26 Ecological Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Sensor-Based Parking …
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entire fleet mix in Germany is required. With the help of annual statistics published
by the Federal Motor Transport Authority, the following information on registered
vehicles could be compiled.
Since the market share of fuel types other than petrol and diesel is less than 2%,
these are neglected for the aggregation of all passenger cars registered in Germany.
When considering the vehicle age, which is essential for estimating the consumption
of the vehicle engine, an average age of 9.4 years was determined (Federal Motor
Transport Authority Germany 2018a). Contemplate the average consumption of the
vehicle class, the average vehicle age, the share of the vehicle class in the total
fleet and the fuel type, an average value of 6.7 l/100 km for petrol passenger cars
and 4.4 l/100 km for diesel passenger cars was calculated (Federal Motor Transport
Authority Germany 2018b).
For the entire vehicle fleet in Germany, this consumption results in CO2 emissions
of 0.169kgCO2/km. However, as these calculations are consumption figures from
manufacturers and the scenario calculation only considers parking traffic in cities,
these figures have to be supplemented by two additional factors. For the stop-and-go
traffic in the city the factor 1.3 is estimated and for the calculation of the real driving
emissions (RDE) the factor 1.3 is set as well (Federal Environment Agency Germany
2019). This results in average CO 2 emissions of 0.285 kg CO 2 /km.
To calculate the NO x emissions, an identical approach was applied examining the
share of the fuel type and the share of respective pollutant class (Euro 3, 4, 5, and 6)
of the entire fleet (Federal Motor Transport Authority Germany 2018c). For diesel
vehicles, accurate RDE values are accessible, which were used to preferably ensure
a realistic calculation (Federal Environment Agency Germany 2019). Unfortunately,
the Federal Environment Agency of Germany does not provide an adequate value
adjustment for petrol vehicles. For this reason, the threshold values of the various
pollutant classes were used at this point (Federal Environment Agency Germany
2016). Based on this, the calculation of average NO x emissions for passenger cars
in Germany results in 265 mg NO x /km.
Note, that these emission values of the complete combustion include the whole
upstream chain of manufacture and are based on ProBas Database of the Federal
Environment Agency (Federal Environment Agency Germany 2015) (Fig. 26.3).
26.3.2 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Sensor
The simplified life cycle orientated environmental assessment, based on the disassembly process and the CT images, is characterized by a detailed material determination. The scope of the study includes the provision of raw materials, the manufacture
of components, battery charging and the rollout of sensors. The number of layers
of the printed circuit board, the die areas on the printed circuit board, the number
and type of active and passive components on the printed circuit board, the materials of the housing and the type and size of the battery are decisive for determining
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entire fleet mix in Germany is required. With the help of annual statistics published
by the Federal Motor Transport Authority, the following information on registered
vehicles could be compiled.
Since the market share of fuel types other than petrol and diesel is less than 2%,
these are neglected for the aggregation of all passenger cars registered in Germany.
When considering the vehicle age, which is essential for estimating the consumption
of the vehicle engine, an average age of 9.4 years was determined (Federal Motor
Transport Authority Germany 2018a). Contemplate the average consumption of the
vehicle class, the average vehicle age, the share of the vehicle class in the total
fleet and the fuel type, an average value of 6.7 l/100 km for petrol passenger cars
and 4.4 l/100 km for diesel passenger cars was calculated (Federal Motor Transport
Authority Germany 2018b).
For the entire vehicle fleet in Germany, this consumption results in CO2 emissions
of 0.169kgCO2/km. However, as these calculations are consumption figures from
manufacturers and the scenario calculation only considers parking traffic in cities,
these figures have to be supplemented by two additional factors. For the stop-and-go
traffic in the city the factor 1.3 is estimated and for the calculation of the real driving
emissions (RDE) the factor 1.3 is set as well (Federal Environment Agency Germany
2019). This results in average CO 2 emissions of 0.285 kg CO 2 /km.
To calculate the NO x emissions, an identical approach was applied examining the
share of the fuel type and the share of respective pollutant class (Euro 3, 4, 5, and 6)
of the entire fleet (Federal Motor Transport Authority Germany 2018c). For diesel
vehicles, accurate RDE values are accessible, which were used to preferably ensure
a realistic calculation (Federal Environment Agency Germany 2019). Unfortunately,
the Federal Environment Agency of Germany does not provide an adequate value
adjustment for petrol vehicles. For this reason, the threshold values of the various
pollutant classes were used at this point (Federal Environment Agency Germany
2016). Based on this, the calculation of average NO x emissions for passenger cars
in Germany results in 265 mg NO x /km.
Note, that these emission values of the complete combustion include the whole
upstream chain of manufacture and are based on ProBas Database of the Federal
Environment Agency (Federal Environment Agency Germany 2015) (Fig. 26.3).
26.3.2 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Sensor
The simplified life cycle orientated environmental assessment, based on the disassembly process and the CT images, is characterized by a detailed material determination. The scope of the study includes the provision of raw materials, the manufacture
of components, battery charging and the rollout of sensors. The number of layers
of the printed circuit board, the die areas on the printed circuit board, the number
and type of active and passive components on the printed circuit board, the materials of the housing and the type and size of the battery are decisive for determining