356
A. Evangelista et al.
Similar findings were reported by Torrellas (2012b) demonstrating that the materials used to construct the structure have a significant influence on the impact categories, for example: abiotic depletion (50%), global warming (37%), photochemical
oxidation (54%) and cumulative energy demand (50%), due to the large amount of
steel in the frame and plastic in the covering and floor.
Recently, the impact of building materials on nitrogen emission (NF), was reported
by Liang (2019). In China, from 2004 onwards, the construction materials, largely
because of the use of steel, but also brick and low-density polyethylene (LDPE),
have been the second most important contributor to the total NF.
(b) Heating systems
Dias et al. (2017) presented a GWP of 3.2 kg CO2e/kg of packaged tomatoes, within
the range of values (0.24 to 5.1 kg CO2e/kg of tomatoes) published in other studies for
a variety of technologies (Table 22.5). It is important to observe that the fuel combustion for the heating system (in this case: natural gas and bunker fuel) accounted for
50–85% of the total impact for ozone depletion, global warming, smog, acidification,
and respiratory effects.
In Iran, Khoshnevisan et al. (2014), to evaluate the heating system (natural gas),
reported that GWP to produce one kg of cucumber and tomato was 0.244 kg and
0.129.39 kg CO2e respectively.
Perez et al. (2018) compared heated (multi-tunnel greenhouses) and unheated
tomatoes production, cited that the annual energy output from tomato cultivation in
Almeria (Spain) is estimated to be 246.4 × 103 MJ ha − 1, corresponding to 62.1–
37.9% of heated and unheated tomatoes, respectively. Energy (gas, diesel and electricity) (67.7%) and infrastructure (18.5%) are the main factors influencing energy
Table 22.5 Influence of heat system on GWP
Country
GWP kg CO 2e /FU
Heating System
References
Spain
0.24
Unheated
Almeida et al. 2014)
France
0.51
Unheated
Boulard et al. 2011)
Hungary
0.53
Thermal water
Russo and Scarascia
Mugnozza 2005b)
Italy
0.74
N/A
Cellura et al. 2012)
Australia
1.7
Coal
Page et al. 2012)
Australia
1.9
Natural gas, coal
Page et al. 2012)
Netherland
2.0
Combined heat and power
Torrellas et al. 2013)
France
2.0
Natural gas, oil
Boulard et al. 2011)
Northern Italy
2.3
Natural gas
Torrellas et al. 2013)
Canada
2.3
Natural gas
Dias et al. 2017)
Hungary
5.1
Natural gas
Torrellas et al. 2013)
Adapted from Dias et al. (2017)
A. Evangelista et al.
Similar findings were reported by Torrellas (2012b) demonstrating that the materials used to construct the structure have a significant influence on the impact categories, for example: abiotic depletion (50%), global warming (37%), photochemical
oxidation (54%) and cumulative energy demand (50%), due to the large amount of
steel in the frame and plastic in the covering and floor.
Recently, the impact of building materials on nitrogen emission (NF), was reported
by Liang (2019). In China, from 2004 onwards, the construction materials, largely
because of the use of steel, but also brick and low-density polyethylene (LDPE),
have been the second most important contributor to the total NF.
(b) Heating systems
Dias et al. (2017) presented a GWP of 3.2 kg CO2e/kg of packaged tomatoes, within
the range of values (0.24 to 5.1 kg CO2e/kg of tomatoes) published in other studies for
a variety of technologies (Table 22.5). It is important to observe that the fuel combustion for the heating system (in this case: natural gas and bunker fuel) accounted for
50–85% of the total impact for ozone depletion, global warming, smog, acidification,
and respiratory effects.
In Iran, Khoshnevisan et al. (2014), to evaluate the heating system (natural gas),
reported that GWP to produce one kg of cucumber and tomato was 0.244 kg and
0.129.39 kg CO2e respectively.
Perez et al. (2018) compared heated (multi-tunnel greenhouses) and unheated
tomatoes production, cited that the annual energy output from tomato cultivation in
Almeria (Spain) is estimated to be 246.4 × 103 MJ ha − 1, corresponding to 62.1–
37.9% of heated and unheated tomatoes, respectively. Energy (gas, diesel and electricity) (67.7%) and infrastructure (18.5%) are the main factors influencing energy
Table 22.5 Influence of heat system on GWP
Country
GWP kg CO 2e /FU
Heating System
References
Spain
0.24
Unheated
Almeida et al. 2014)
France
0.51
Unheated
Boulard et al. 2011)
Hungary
0.53
Thermal water
Russo and Scarascia
Mugnozza 2005b)
Italy
0.74
N/A
Cellura et al. 2012)
Australia
1.7
Coal
Page et al. 2012)
Australia
1.9
Natural gas, coal
Page et al. 2012)
Netherland
2.0
Combined heat and power
Torrellas et al. 2013)
France
2.0
Natural gas, oil
Boulard et al. 2011)
Northern Italy
2.3
Natural gas
Torrellas et al. 2013)
Canada
2.3
Natural gas
Dias et al. 2017)
Hungary
5.1
Natural gas
Torrellas et al. 2013)
Adapted from Dias et al. (2017)