CONTENTS
iX
9.4 Excitons 244
9.5 Single-Electron Tunneling 245
9.6 Applications 248
9.6.1 Infrared Detectors 248
9.6.2 Quantum Dot Lasers 251
9.7 Superconductivity 253
10 Self-Assembly and Catalysis
10.1 Self-Assembly 257
10.1.1 Process of Self-Assembly 257
10.1.2 Semiconductor Islands 258
10.1.3 Monolayers 260
10.2 Catalysis 264
10.2.1 Nature of Catalysis 264
10.2.2
10.2.3 Porous Materials 268
10.2.4 Pillared Clays 273
10.2.5 Colloids 277
Surface Area of Nanoparticles 264
11 Organic Compounds and Polymers
1 1.1 Introduction 28 1
1 1.2 Forming and Characterizing Polymers 283
1 1.2.1 Polymerization 283
11.2.2 Sizes of Polymers 284
11.3 Nanocrystals 285
1 1.3.1
11.3.2 Polydiacetylene Types 289
Condensed Ring Types 285
11.4 Polymers 292
1 1.4.1 Conductive Polymers 292
1 1.4.2 Block Copolymers 293
11.5 Supramolecular Structures 295
1 1.5.1 Transition-Metal-Mediated Types 295
1 1.5.2 Dendritic Molecules 296
11.5.3 Supramolecular Dendrimers 302
11.5.4 Micelles 305
257
281