8
1 Introduction
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.9 a The first transistor, 1947 (length of side of wedge: 32 mm). b Cutaway model of a 1948 point contact transistor
(‘Type A’) based on n-type bulk Ge (n = 5×10 14 cm −3 ) and common base circuit diagram. The surface region (∼ 100 nm
depth) of the Ge is p-type due to surface states and represents an inversion layer. The two wires are made from phosphor
bronze. Adapted from [98]
W. Shockley—description of today’s version of the (J)FET [108].
1953
G.C. Dacey and I.M. Ross—first realization of a JFET [109].
D.M. Chapin, C.S. Fuller and G.L. Pearson—invention of the silicon solar cell at Bell Laboratories
[110]. A single 2 cm
2 photovoltaic cell from Si, Si:As with an ultrathin layer of Si:B, with about 6%
efficiency generated 5 mW of electrical power.
14 Previously existing solar cells based on selenium had
very low efficiency (< 0.5%).
1958
J.S. Kilby made the first integrated circuit at Texas Instruments. The simple 1.3 MHz RC-oscillator
consisted of one transistor, three resistors and a capacitor on a 11 × 1.7 mm
2 Ge platelet (Fig. 1.10a).
J.S. Kilby filed in 1959 for a US patent for miniaturized electronic circuits [111]. At practically the same
time R.N. Noyce from Fairchild Semiconductors, the predecessor of INTEL, invented the integrated
circuit on silicon using planar technology [112]. A detailed and (very) critical view on the invention
of the integrated circuit can be found in [113].
Figure 1.10b shows a flip-flop with four bipolar transistors and five resistors. Initially, the invention of
the integrated circuit
15 met scepticism because of concerns regarding yield and the achievable quality
of the transistors and the other components (such as resistors and capacitors).
14 A solar cell with 1 W power cost $300 in 1956 ($3 in 2004). Initially, ‘solar batteries’ were only used for toys and were
looking for an application. H. Ziegler proposed the use in satellites in the ‘space race’ of the late 1950s.
15 The two patents led to a decade-long legal battle between Fairchild Semiconductors and Texas Instruments. Eventually,
the US Court of Customs and Patent Appeals upheld R.N. Noyce’s claims on interconnection techniques but gave
J.S. Kilby and Texas Instruments credit for building the first working integrated circuit.
1 Introduction
(a)
(b)
Fig. 1.9 a The first transistor, 1947 (length of side of wedge: 32 mm). b Cutaway model of a 1948 point contact transistor
(‘Type A’) based on n-type bulk Ge (n = 5×10 14 cm −3 ) and common base circuit diagram. The surface region (∼ 100 nm
depth) of the Ge is p-type due to surface states and represents an inversion layer. The two wires are made from phosphor
bronze. Adapted from [98]
W. Shockley—description of today’s version of the (J)FET [108].
1953
G.C. Dacey and I.M. Ross—first realization of a JFET [109].
D.M. Chapin, C.S. Fuller and G.L. Pearson—invention of the silicon solar cell at Bell Laboratories
[110]. A single 2 cm
2 photovoltaic cell from Si, Si:As with an ultrathin layer of Si:B, with about 6%
efficiency generated 5 mW of electrical power.
14 Previously existing solar cells based on selenium had
very low efficiency (< 0.5%).
1958
J.S. Kilby made the first integrated circuit at Texas Instruments. The simple 1.3 MHz RC-oscillator
consisted of one transistor, three resistors and a capacitor on a 11 × 1.7 mm
2 Ge platelet (Fig. 1.10a).
J.S. Kilby filed in 1959 for a US patent for miniaturized electronic circuits [111]. At practically the same
time R.N. Noyce from Fairchild Semiconductors, the predecessor of INTEL, invented the integrated
circuit on silicon using planar technology [112]. A detailed and (very) critical view on the invention
of the integrated circuit can be found in [113].
Figure 1.10b shows a flip-flop with four bipolar transistors and five resistors. Initially, the invention of
the integrated circuit
15 met scepticism because of concerns regarding yield and the achievable quality
of the transistors and the other components (such as resistors and capacitors).
14 A solar cell with 1 W power cost $300 in 1956 ($3 in 2004). Initially, ‘solar batteries’ were only used for toys and were
looking for an application. H. Ziegler proposed the use in satellites in the ‘space race’ of the late 1950s.
15 The two patents led to a decade-long legal battle between Fairchild Semiconductors and Texas Instruments. Eventually,
the US Court of Customs and Patent Appeals upheld R.N. Noyce’s claims on interconnection techniques but gave
J.S. Kilby and Texas Instruments credit for building the first working integrated circuit.