E1BINDEX 09/09/2010
18:13:51 Page 590
Thermocouple, 330
applications, 346
circuit, 333
data acquisition, 347
laws, 333
parallel, 346
reference functions, 342
standards, 336, 337, 339
tolerance limits, 337
type, 337
voltage measurement, 346, 347
Thermolelectric temperature
measurement, 330–350
Thermometer
bimetallic, 313
complete immersion, 314
electrical resistance, 315
liquid-in glass, 311, 313
optical fiber, 355, 356
partial immersion, 314
platinum resistance, 313, 318
radiation, 351
total immersion, 314
Thermophysical properties (table), 570–573
Thermopile, 345, 346, 353, 354
Thomson coefficient, 333
Thomson effect, 331, 332
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 25
Three sigma test, 147
Time constant, 87, 90
determination of, 87
Time delay, 93, 94, 107, 247, 412
Time response, 80, 86, 87, 92, 97, 99,
105, 112, 113, 115, 353,
552, 553
Torque measurement, 529, 530
rotating shaft, 529
Torricelli, Evangelista, 379, 431
Total pressure. See Pressure, total
Transducer, 3, 4
Transfer function, 104
Transient response, 86, 92, 96, 97, 105,
110
Transit-time flowmeter, 453
Transmission line effect on pressure
measurement, 401
gases, 403
liquids, 403
lumped parameter, 80–82, 84, 89, 213,
401–403
Triangular distribution, 123
Trigonometric series, 52, 53, 56, 57, 61
True value, 17, 118, 119
Turbine meter, 452
turndown, 453
uncertainty, 453
Turndown, 443
Twisted pair wiring, 252, 291, 297
U
Uncertainty, 18, 19, 23, 142, 161
advanced-stage. See Advanced-stage
uncertainty
combined standard, 184, 188, 189, 195,
198
design-stage. See Design-stage
uncertainty
elemental, 184
expanded, 184–186, 188, 189, 192
instrument, 23, 164–166, 382, 385, 506
Nth order. See Nth order uncertainty
overall, 19, 179, 443, 532
standard
random standard, 133, 171, 183–189,
191–195, 197, 438–440
systematic standard, 170, 183, 184, 186,
188, 189, 191, 194–196, 203, 427
random, 19, 23, 31, 118, 134, 145, 172,
186, 190, 204
systematic, 19, 163, 164, 170, 185, 186,
189, 196, 197
nonsymmetric interval, 197
Uncertainty analysis, 161–198
Under-damped system, 97, 98, 102, 392
Unit, 23
Universal serial bus (USB), 288, 295
USB. See Universal serial bus
U.S. Engineering Unit System, 24
V
Variable
controlled, 7
dependent, 7
extraneous, 7, 9, 177
independent, 7
Variance, 125, 126
Velocity
fluid, measurement, 363, 401, 405, 424
freestream, 397
linear, 517
uncertainty, 406
Velocity of approach factor, 429, 437, 438
Vena contracta, 428–430
Venturi, Giovanni, 432
Venturi meter, 431
discharge coefficient, 432
expansion factor, 432
uncertainty, 432
Vibration measurement, 509, 510, 513,
515
Vibrometer, 213
Viscosity
absolute, 574
kinematic, 406, 425, 452, 575
Voltage
analog comparator, 279
analog measurement, 273–277
digital measurement, 271
follower, 232
oscilloscope. See Oscilloscope
potentiometer. See Potentiometer
Voltage divider, 217
loading error, 226–228
Volume flow rate, 425, 426, 428, 437, 451,
455
von Karman, Theodore, 448
Vortex flow meter, 448
shedder shape, 450
turndown, 452
uncertainty, 452
W
Water, thermophysical properties, 572
Waveform, 41
analog, 42, 268
classification, 42, 45
complex periodic, 44, 45, 266
digital, 44
discrete time, 43
Fourier analysis, 63
Weisbach, Julius, 440
Welch-Satterwaite estimate, 184,
189
Wheatstone bridge. See Bridge circuits
Wires, connecting, 250
Wobble flow meter, 454, 457
Word (digital), 270
Y
Young’s modulus, 467
Z
Zero-order system, 83, 546
Zero-order uncertainty, 164, 165, 177,
179, 277, 421
z variable, 126, 130, 131
590 Index
18:13:51 Page 590
Thermocouple, 330
applications, 346
circuit, 333
data acquisition, 347
laws, 333
parallel, 346
reference functions, 342
standards, 336, 337, 339
tolerance limits, 337
type, 337
voltage measurement, 346, 347
Thermolelectric temperature
measurement, 330–350
Thermometer
bimetallic, 313
complete immersion, 314
electrical resistance, 315
liquid-in glass, 311, 313
optical fiber, 355, 356
partial immersion, 314
platinum resistance, 313, 318
radiation, 351
total immersion, 314
Thermophysical properties (table), 570–573
Thermopile, 345, 346, 353, 354
Thomson coefficient, 333
Thomson effect, 331, 332
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 25
Three sigma test, 147
Time constant, 87, 90
determination of, 87
Time delay, 93, 94, 107, 247, 412
Time response, 80, 86, 87, 92, 97, 99,
105, 112, 113, 115, 353,
552, 553
Torque measurement, 529, 530
rotating shaft, 529
Torricelli, Evangelista, 379, 431
Total pressure. See Pressure, total
Transducer, 3, 4
Transfer function, 104
Transient response, 86, 92, 96, 97, 105,
110
Transit-time flowmeter, 453
Transmission line effect on pressure
measurement, 401
gases, 403
liquids, 403
lumped parameter, 80–82, 84, 89, 213,
401–403
Triangular distribution, 123
Trigonometric series, 52, 53, 56, 57, 61
True value, 17, 118, 119
Turbine meter, 452
turndown, 453
uncertainty, 453
Turndown, 443
Twisted pair wiring, 252, 291, 297
U
Uncertainty, 18, 19, 23, 142, 161
advanced-stage. See Advanced-stage
uncertainty
combined standard, 184, 188, 189, 195,
198
design-stage. See Design-stage
uncertainty
elemental, 184
expanded, 184–186, 188, 189, 192
instrument, 23, 164–166, 382, 385, 506
Nth order. See Nth order uncertainty
overall, 19, 179, 443, 532
standard
random standard, 133, 171, 183–189,
191–195, 197, 438–440
systematic standard, 170, 183, 184, 186,
188, 189, 191, 194–196, 203, 427
random, 19, 23, 31, 118, 134, 145, 172,
186, 190, 204
systematic, 19, 163, 164, 170, 185, 186,
189, 196, 197
nonsymmetric interval, 197
Uncertainty analysis, 161–198
Under-damped system, 97, 98, 102, 392
Unit, 23
Universal serial bus (USB), 288, 295
USB. See Universal serial bus
U.S. Engineering Unit System, 24
V
Variable
controlled, 7
dependent, 7
extraneous, 7, 9, 177
independent, 7
Variance, 125, 126
Velocity
fluid, measurement, 363, 401, 405, 424
freestream, 397
linear, 517
uncertainty, 406
Velocity of approach factor, 429, 437, 438
Vena contracta, 428–430
Venturi, Giovanni, 432
Venturi meter, 431
discharge coefficient, 432
expansion factor, 432
uncertainty, 432
Vibration measurement, 509, 510, 513,
515
Vibrometer, 213
Viscosity
absolute, 574
kinematic, 406, 425, 452, 575
Voltage
analog comparator, 279
analog measurement, 273–277
digital measurement, 271
follower, 232
oscilloscope. See Oscilloscope
potentiometer. See Potentiometer
Voltage divider, 217
loading error, 226–228
Volume flow rate, 425, 426, 428, 437, 451,
455
von Karman, Theodore, 448
Vortex flow meter, 448
shedder shape, 450
turndown, 452
uncertainty, 452
W
Water, thermophysical properties, 572
Waveform, 41
analog, 42, 268
classification, 42, 45
complex periodic, 44, 45, 266
digital, 44
discrete time, 43
Fourier analysis, 63
Weisbach, Julius, 440
Welch-Satterwaite estimate, 184,
189
Wheatstone bridge. See Bridge circuits
Wires, connecting, 250
Wobble flow meter, 454, 457
Word (digital), 270
Y
Young’s modulus, 467
Z
Zero-order system, 83, 546
Zero-order uncertainty, 164, 165, 177,
179, 277, 421
z variable, 126, 130, 131
590 Index