E1C09 09/14/2010
15:5:1 Page 417
23. Raffel, M., Willert, C.E., Wereiey, S.T., Kompenhans, J., Particle Image Velocimetry, 2nd ed,
Springer, Heidelberg, 2007.
24. Goldstein, R. J., and D. K., Kried, Measurement of laminar flow development in a square duct
using a laser doppler flowmeter, Journal of Applied Mechanics 34, 1967.
25. Yavuzkurt, S., A guide to uncertainty analysis of hot-wire data, Transactions of the ASME,
Journal of Fluids Engineering 106, 1984.
26. Maxwell, B. R., and R. G. Seaholtz, Velocity lag of solid particles in oscillating gases and in
gases passing through normal shock waves, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
TN-D-7490.
27. Dring, R. P., and Suo, M. Particle trajectories in swirling flows, Transactions of the ASME,
Journal of Fluids Engineering 104, 1982.
NOMENCLATURE
d
diameter (l )
e i
elemental errors
d f
fringe spacing (l )
f D
doppler frequency (Hz)
h
depth (l )
h 0 reference depth (l )
k
ratio of specific heats
p
pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p a applied pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p abs absolute pressure (m
À1 lt
À2 )
p e
relative static pressure error (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p i
indicated pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p m measured pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p t
total or stagnation pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p v
dynamic pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
q
charge (C)
r
radius (l )
t
thickness (l )
y
displacement (l )
r
density (ml
À3 )
i
time constant (t)
f
latitude
v n natural frequency (t
À1 )
z
altitude (l )
C
capacitance (F)
E
voltage (V)
E m bulk modulus of elasticity (m
À1
lt
À2 )
Gr Grashof number
H
manometer deflection height (l )
K
static sensitivity
K q charge sensitivity (m
À1
lt
À2 )
K E voltage sensitivity (Vm
À1 t
À2 )
M
Mach number
Re d Reynolds number, Re ¼ Vd/v
S
specific gravity
U
velocity (lt
Àl )
8
volume (l
3
)
g
specific weight (ml
À2
t
À2 )
e
dielectric constant
l
wavelength (l )
m
absolute viscosity (mt
À1
l
À1 )
v
kinematic viscosity (l
2 /t)
y p Poisson ratio
PROBLEMS
9.1 Convert the following absolute pressures to gauge pressure units of N/m
2 :
a. 12.2 psia
b. 2.0 bar abs
c. 29.92 in. H 2 O absolute
d. 760 mm Hg abs
Problems 417
15:5:1 Page 417
23. Raffel, M., Willert, C.E., Wereiey, S.T., Kompenhans, J., Particle Image Velocimetry, 2nd ed,
Springer, Heidelberg, 2007.
24. Goldstein, R. J., and D. K., Kried, Measurement of laminar flow development in a square duct
using a laser doppler flowmeter, Journal of Applied Mechanics 34, 1967.
25. Yavuzkurt, S., A guide to uncertainty analysis of hot-wire data, Transactions of the ASME,
Journal of Fluids Engineering 106, 1984.
26. Maxwell, B. R., and R. G. Seaholtz, Velocity lag of solid particles in oscillating gases and in
gases passing through normal shock waves, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
TN-D-7490.
27. Dring, R. P., and Suo, M. Particle trajectories in swirling flows, Transactions of the ASME,
Journal of Fluids Engineering 104, 1982.
NOMENCLATURE
d
diameter (l )
e i
elemental errors
d f
fringe spacing (l )
f D
doppler frequency (Hz)
h
depth (l )
h 0 reference depth (l )
k
ratio of specific heats
p
pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p a applied pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p abs absolute pressure (m
À1 lt
À2 )
p e
relative static pressure error (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p i
indicated pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p m measured pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p t
total or stagnation pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
p v
dynamic pressure (m
À1
lt
À2 )
q
charge (C)
r
radius (l )
t
thickness (l )
y
displacement (l )
r
density (ml
À3 )
i
time constant (t)
f
latitude
v n natural frequency (t
À1 )
z
altitude (l )
C
capacitance (F)
E
voltage (V)
E m bulk modulus of elasticity (m
À1
lt
À2 )
Gr Grashof number
H
manometer deflection height (l )
K
static sensitivity
K q charge sensitivity (m
À1
lt
À2 )
K E voltage sensitivity (Vm
À1 t
À2 )
M
Mach number
Re d Reynolds number, Re ¼ Vd/v
S
specific gravity
U
velocity (lt
Àl )
8
volume (l
3
)
g
specific weight (ml
À2
t
À2 )
e
dielectric constant
l
wavelength (l )
m
absolute viscosity (mt
À1
l
À1 )
v
kinematic viscosity (l
2 /t)
y p Poisson ratio
PROBLEMS
9.1 Convert the following absolute pressures to gauge pressure units of N/m
2 :
a. 12.2 psia
b. 2.0 bar abs
c. 29.92 in. H 2 O absolute
d. 760 mm Hg abs
Problems 417