Acknowledgments
This work was funded in part by the US Army Medical Research
and Development Command (contract no. W81XWH-16-C0074). The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report
are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official
Department of the Army position, policy, or decision unless so
designated by other documentation. The commercial uses of protocols disclosed in this work are subject to several issued US patents
(6,194,137; 6,596,531; 6,740,484; 7,157,222; 8,440,390), international patents (available upon request), and pending unpublished
patents.
References
1. Angell WW, DeLanerolle P, Shumway NE
(1973) Valve replacement: present status of
homograft valves. Prog Cardiovasc Dis
15:589–622
2. Stelzer P, Elkins RC (1989) Homograft valves
and conduits: applications in cardiac surgery.
Curr Probl Surg 26:381–452
3. Angell WW, Oury JH, Lamberti JJ, Koziol J
(1989) Durability of the viable aortic allograft.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98:48–56
4. O’Brien MF, McGiffin DC, Stafford EG, Gardner MA, Pohlner PF, McLachlan GJ, Gall K,
Smith S, Murphy E (1991) Allograft aortic
valve replacement: long-term comparative clinical analysis of the viable cryopreserved and
antibiotic 4C stored valves. J Card Surg
6:534–543
5. O’Brien MF, Stafford EG, Gardner MAH,
Pohlner PF, Tesar PJ, Cochrane AD, Mau
TK, Gall KL, Smith SE (1995) Allograft aortic
valve replacement: long-term follow-up. Ann
Thorac Surg 60:565–570
6. Clarke DR, Campbell DN, Hayward AR,
Bishop DA (1993) Degeneration of aortic
valve allografts in young recipients. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 105:934–942
7. Yankah AC, Alexi-Meskhishvili V, Weng Y,
Schorn K, Lange RE, Hetzer R (1995) Accelerated degeneration of allografts in the first two
years of life. Ann Thorac Surg 60:71–77
8. Wolfinbarger L Jr, Hopkins RA (1989) Biology
of heart valve cryopreservation. In: Hopkins
PA (ed) Cardiac reconstructions with allograft
valves. Springer, New York, pp 21–36
9. Mitchell RN, Jonas RA, Schoen FJ (1995)
Structure-function correlations in cryopreserved allograft cardiac valves. Ann Thorac
Surg 60:8108–8113
10. Mitchell RN, Jonas RA, Schoen FJ (1998)
Pathology of explanted cryopreserved allograft
heart valves: comparison with aortic valves
from orthotopic heart transplants. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 115:118–127
11. Brockbank KGM, Lightfoot FG, Song YC,
Taylor MJ (2000) Interstitial ice formation in
cryopreserved homografts: a possible cause of
tissue deterioration and calcification in vivo. J
Heart Valve Dis 9:200–206
12. Brockbank KGM, Chen Z, Greene ED, Campbell LH (2015) Vitrification of heart valve tissues. In: Wolkers WF, Oldenhof H (eds)
Methods in cryopreservation and freezedrying, Methods in molecular biology, vol
1257. Springer, New York, pp 399–421
13. Rall WF, Fahy GM (1985) Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at À196
C by vitrification. Nature 313:573–575
14. Khirabadi BS, Song YC, Brockbank KGM
(2004) Method of cryopreservation of tissues
by vitrification. US Patent #6,740,484
15. Khirabadi BS, Song YC, Brockbank KGM
(2007) Method of cryopreservation of tissues
by vitrification. US Patent #7,157,222
16. Brockbank KGM, Wright GJ, Yao H, Greene
ED, Chen ZZ, Schenke-Layland K (2011)
Allogeneic heart valve preservation—allogeneic
heart valve storage above the glass transition at
À80
C. Ann Thorac Surg 91:1829–1835
17. Taylor MJ, Song YC, Brockbank KGM (2004)
Vitrification in tissue preservation: new developments. In: Benson E, Fuller B, Lane N (eds)
Life in the frozen state. Taylor and Francis
Books, London, pp 603–641
18. Brockbank KGM, Taylor MJ (2007) Tissue
preservation. In: Baust JG (ed) Advances in
biopreservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp
157–196
19. Lisy M, Pennecke J, Brockbank KGM,
Fritze O, Schleicher M, Schenke-Layland K,
Kaulitz R, Riemann I, Weber CN, Braun J,
604
Kelvin G. M. Brockbank et al.
This work was funded in part by the US Army Medical Research
and Development Command (contract no. W81XWH-16-C0074). The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report
are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official
Department of the Army position, policy, or decision unless so
designated by other documentation. The commercial uses of protocols disclosed in this work are subject to several issued US patents
(6,194,137; 6,596,531; 6,740,484; 7,157,222; 8,440,390), international patents (available upon request), and pending unpublished
patents.
References
1. Angell WW, DeLanerolle P, Shumway NE
(1973) Valve replacement: present status of
homograft valves. Prog Cardiovasc Dis
15:589–622
2. Stelzer P, Elkins RC (1989) Homograft valves
and conduits: applications in cardiac surgery.
Curr Probl Surg 26:381–452
3. Angell WW, Oury JH, Lamberti JJ, Koziol J
(1989) Durability of the viable aortic allograft.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98:48–56
4. O’Brien MF, McGiffin DC, Stafford EG, Gardner MA, Pohlner PF, McLachlan GJ, Gall K,
Smith S, Murphy E (1991) Allograft aortic
valve replacement: long-term comparative clinical analysis of the viable cryopreserved and
antibiotic 4C stored valves. J Card Surg
6:534–543
5. O’Brien MF, Stafford EG, Gardner MAH,
Pohlner PF, Tesar PJ, Cochrane AD, Mau
TK, Gall KL, Smith SE (1995) Allograft aortic
valve replacement: long-term follow-up. Ann
Thorac Surg 60:565–570
6. Clarke DR, Campbell DN, Hayward AR,
Bishop DA (1993) Degeneration of aortic
valve allografts in young recipients. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 105:934–942
7. Yankah AC, Alexi-Meskhishvili V, Weng Y,
Schorn K, Lange RE, Hetzer R (1995) Accelerated degeneration of allografts in the first two
years of life. Ann Thorac Surg 60:71–77
8. Wolfinbarger L Jr, Hopkins RA (1989) Biology
of heart valve cryopreservation. In: Hopkins
PA (ed) Cardiac reconstructions with allograft
valves. Springer, New York, pp 21–36
9. Mitchell RN, Jonas RA, Schoen FJ (1995)
Structure-function correlations in cryopreserved allograft cardiac valves. Ann Thorac
Surg 60:8108–8113
10. Mitchell RN, Jonas RA, Schoen FJ (1998)
Pathology of explanted cryopreserved allograft
heart valves: comparison with aortic valves
from orthotopic heart transplants. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 115:118–127
11. Brockbank KGM, Lightfoot FG, Song YC,
Taylor MJ (2000) Interstitial ice formation in
cryopreserved homografts: a possible cause of
tissue deterioration and calcification in vivo. J
Heart Valve Dis 9:200–206
12. Brockbank KGM, Chen Z, Greene ED, Campbell LH (2015) Vitrification of heart valve tissues. In: Wolkers WF, Oldenhof H (eds)
Methods in cryopreservation and freezedrying, Methods in molecular biology, vol
1257. Springer, New York, pp 399–421
13. Rall WF, Fahy GM (1985) Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at À196
C by vitrification. Nature 313:573–575
14. Khirabadi BS, Song YC, Brockbank KGM
(2004) Method of cryopreservation of tissues
by vitrification. US Patent #6,740,484
15. Khirabadi BS, Song YC, Brockbank KGM
(2007) Method of cryopreservation of tissues
by vitrification. US Patent #7,157,222
16. Brockbank KGM, Wright GJ, Yao H, Greene
ED, Chen ZZ, Schenke-Layland K (2011)
Allogeneic heart valve preservation—allogeneic
heart valve storage above the glass transition at
À80
C. Ann Thorac Surg 91:1829–1835
17. Taylor MJ, Song YC, Brockbank KGM (2004)
Vitrification in tissue preservation: new developments. In: Benson E, Fuller B, Lane N (eds)
Life in the frozen state. Taylor and Francis
Books, London, pp 603–641
18. Brockbank KGM, Taylor MJ (2007) Tissue
preservation. In: Baust JG (ed) Advances in
biopreservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp
157–196
19. Lisy M, Pennecke J, Brockbank KGM,
Fritze O, Schleicher M, Schenke-Layland K,
Kaulitz R, Riemann I, Weber CN, Braun J,
604
Kelvin G. M. Brockbank et al.