(according to the AABB guidelines this should be below 1%
[13]. Another parameter determining the storage time could
be the ATP content of the cells. There are indications that there
is a correlation between total adenylate [33] or ATP content
[34] and in vivo survival. For this reason, Sanquin Blood
Supply included in their guidelines that at the end of the
storage period, the ATP content should be above 2.7 μmol/
g Hb. With this concentration of ATP, it can be predicted that
the in vivo survival will be at least 75% [34]. Based on both
quality parameters, the out-dating period of thawed units
resuspended in SAGM was set on 48 h [20]. The additive
solution AS-3 has been shown to better maintain RBC integrity after thawing [27, 35]. Depending on the cryopreservation
procedure, thawed RBCs can be stored at 2–6
C in AS-3 for
14 [19] to 28 days [21].
Acknowledgments
The author wish to thank Dr. Femke Noorman, Military Blood
Bank, the Netherlands, for sharing knowledge, providing information, and reviewing this manuscript.
References
1. Lelkens CC, Koning JG, de Kort B, Floot IB,
Noorman F (2006) Experiences with frozen
blood products in the Netherlands military.
Transfus Apher Sci 34:289–298
2. Holley A, Marks DC, Johnson L, Reade MC,
Badloe JF, Noorman F (2013) Frozen blood
products: clinically effective and potentially
ideal for remote Australia. Anaesth Intensive
Care 41:10–19
3. Sen A, Khetarpal A (2013) Comparative study
of automated cryopreservation of red blood
cells. Med J Armed Forces India 69:345–350
4. Smith AU (1950) Prevention of haemolysis
during freezing and thawing of red blood
cells. Lancet 2:910–911
5. Polge C, Smith AU, Parkes AS (1949) Revival
of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature 164:666
6. Krijnen HW, de Wit JJ, Kuivenhoven AC, Loos
JA, Prins HK (1964) Glycerol treated human
red cells frozen with liquid nitrogen. Vox Sang
9:559–572
7. Rowe AW, Eyster E, Kellner A (1968) Liquid
nitrogen preservation of red blood cells for
transfusion; a low glycerol-rapid freeze procedure. Cryobiology 5:119–128
8. Huggins CE (1966) Frozen blood: principles
of practical preservation. Monogr Surg Sci
3:133–173
9. Almond DV, Valeri CR (1967) The in vivo
effects of deglycerolized agglomerated erythrocytes transfused in multiple units to stable
anemic patients. Transfusion 7:95–104
10. Meryman HT, Hornblower M (1972) A
method for freezing and washing red blood
cells using a high glycerol concentration.
Transfusion 12:145–156
11. Valeri CR (1975) Simplification of the methods
for adding and removing glycerol during
freeze-preservation of human red blood cells
with the high or low glycerol methods: biochemical modification prior to freezing. Transfusion 15:195–218
12. Council of Europe (2017) Guide to the preparation, use and quality assurance of blood components, 19th edn. Council of Europe
Publishing, Strasbourg
13. AABB (2016) Standards for blood banks and
transfusion services, 31st edn. AABB,
Bethesda, MD
14. Scott KL, Lecak J, Acker JP (2005) Biopreservation of red blood cells: past, present, and
future. Transfus Med Rev 19:127–142
536
Johan W. Lagerberg
[13]. Another parameter determining the storage time could
be the ATP content of the cells. There are indications that there
is a correlation between total adenylate [33] or ATP content
[34] and in vivo survival. For this reason, Sanquin Blood
Supply included in their guidelines that at the end of the
storage period, the ATP content should be above 2.7 μmol/
g Hb. With this concentration of ATP, it can be predicted that
the in vivo survival will be at least 75% [34]. Based on both
quality parameters, the out-dating period of thawed units
resuspended in SAGM was set on 48 h [20]. The additive
solution AS-3 has been shown to better maintain RBC integrity after thawing [27, 35]. Depending on the cryopreservation
procedure, thawed RBCs can be stored at 2–6
C in AS-3 for
14 [19] to 28 days [21].
Acknowledgments
The author wish to thank Dr. Femke Noorman, Military Blood
Bank, the Netherlands, for sharing knowledge, providing information, and reviewing this manuscript.
References
1. Lelkens CC, Koning JG, de Kort B, Floot IB,
Noorman F (2006) Experiences with frozen
blood products in the Netherlands military.
Transfus Apher Sci 34:289–298
2. Holley A, Marks DC, Johnson L, Reade MC,
Badloe JF, Noorman F (2013) Frozen blood
products: clinically effective and potentially
ideal for remote Australia. Anaesth Intensive
Care 41:10–19
3. Sen A, Khetarpal A (2013) Comparative study
of automated cryopreservation of red blood
cells. Med J Armed Forces India 69:345–350
4. Smith AU (1950) Prevention of haemolysis
during freezing and thawing of red blood
cells. Lancet 2:910–911
5. Polge C, Smith AU, Parkes AS (1949) Revival
of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature 164:666
6. Krijnen HW, de Wit JJ, Kuivenhoven AC, Loos
JA, Prins HK (1964) Glycerol treated human
red cells frozen with liquid nitrogen. Vox Sang
9:559–572
7. Rowe AW, Eyster E, Kellner A (1968) Liquid
nitrogen preservation of red blood cells for
transfusion; a low glycerol-rapid freeze procedure. Cryobiology 5:119–128
8. Huggins CE (1966) Frozen blood: principles
of practical preservation. Monogr Surg Sci
3:133–173
9. Almond DV, Valeri CR (1967) The in vivo
effects of deglycerolized agglomerated erythrocytes transfused in multiple units to stable
anemic patients. Transfusion 7:95–104
10. Meryman HT, Hornblower M (1972) A
method for freezing and washing red blood
cells using a high glycerol concentration.
Transfusion 12:145–156
11. Valeri CR (1975) Simplification of the methods
for adding and removing glycerol during
freeze-preservation of human red blood cells
with the high or low glycerol methods: biochemical modification prior to freezing. Transfusion 15:195–218
12. Council of Europe (2017) Guide to the preparation, use and quality assurance of blood components, 19th edn. Council of Europe
Publishing, Strasbourg
13. AABB (2016) Standards for blood banks and
transfusion services, 31st edn. AABB,
Bethesda, MD
14. Scott KL, Lecak J, Acker JP (2005) Biopreservation of red blood cells: past, present, and
future. Transfus Med Rev 19:127–142
536
Johan W. Lagerberg