18
1 A Historical Review of the Structures of Water and Ice
Fig. 1.14 a The
autobalanced electric bridge
circuit for the measurement
of the electrical conductivity
of water and aqueous
electrolytes at low
frequencies (typically around
1 kHz). The AC source is
applied to the points A and
D, the detector is applied
between points B and C. b
Molar electrical conductivity,
, of several aqueous
electrolytes as a function of
concentration. 0
m is the
limiting molar conductivity
at infinite dilution
(a)
(b)
Λ m
0
n
HCl
NaOH
NaCl
Λ
0
(Sample)
~1 kHz AC
R 1
R 2
R x
R 3
V
A
B
C
D
Fig. 1.15 a Theodor von
Grotthuss (portrait by
unknown artist, Bauska
museum, Latvia). b His
famous sketch of the
electrical conduction
mechanism in water, first
published in 1806. c A
modern representation of the
Grotthuss mechanism of the
proton transport
(a)
(b)
(c)
H
H
O
H
+
H
H
O
H
H
O
other ionic species [51, 55]. However, the details of intermolecular proton transport
in water and its quantum-chemical quantitative parameters are still debated.
Since the charge carriers in water were identified, the question on how high
their concentration is immediately arose. Using an autobalanced bridge shown in
Fig. 1.14a, Kohlrausch [52, 53] showed that the conductivity of pure water does not
depend on the frequency between 1 Hz and 10 kHz, and can be interpreted as the
intrinsic conductivity of pure water.
12 Following the ideas of Arrhenius, Kohlrausch
12 The exact value of the static conductivity depends on the type of electrodes, cell geometry,
dissolved gases, and other factors, such as the measuring voltage, and can vary significantly.
1 A Historical Review of the Structures of Water and Ice
Fig. 1.14 a The
autobalanced electric bridge
circuit for the measurement
of the electrical conductivity
of water and aqueous
electrolytes at low
frequencies (typically around
1 kHz). The AC source is
applied to the points A and
D, the detector is applied
between points B and C. b
Molar electrical conductivity,
, of several aqueous
electrolytes as a function of
concentration. 0
m is the
limiting molar conductivity
at infinite dilution
(a)
(b)
Λ m
0
n
HCl
NaOH
NaCl
Λ
0
(Sample)
~1 kHz AC
R 1
R 2
R x
R 3
V
A
B
C
D
Fig. 1.15 a Theodor von
Grotthuss (portrait by
unknown artist, Bauska
museum, Latvia). b His
famous sketch of the
electrical conduction
mechanism in water, first
published in 1806. c A
modern representation of the
Grotthuss mechanism of the
proton transport
(a)
(b)
(c)
H
H
O
H
+
H
H
O
H
H
O
other ionic species [51, 55]. However, the details of intermolecular proton transport
in water and its quantum-chemical quantitative parameters are still debated.
Since the charge carriers in water were identified, the question on how high
their concentration is immediately arose. Using an autobalanced bridge shown in
Fig. 1.14a, Kohlrausch [52, 53] showed that the conductivity of pure water does not
depend on the frequency between 1 Hz and 10 kHz, and can be interpreted as the
intrinsic conductivity of pure water.
12 Following the ideas of Arrhenius, Kohlrausch
12 The exact value of the static conductivity depends on the type of electrodes, cell geometry,
dissolved gases, and other factors, such as the measuring voltage, and can vary significantly.