2.6.9 The United States
In the USA, there have been discussions in the last years in co-locating aquaculture
production together with offshore wind energy projects. One example to combine
extractive species with offshore wind turbines was planned for the wind farm Cape
Wind in Massachusetts (USA) (Lapointe 2013). Buck et al. (2011) prepared a first
economic feasibility study on the production of seaweeds within this wind farm.
Another attempt at multi-use of an offshore wind installation with mussels was
conducted at Block Island Wind Farm, off the coast of Rhode Island (Voskamp
2010). Further, the Wind Technology Advancement Project (VOWTAP) conducted
initial engineering, designing, and permitting for offshore wind energy installations
off the coast of Virginia while taking aquaculture into account (Moura et al. 2011).
They planned to collaborate with other local users by using the wind farm infrastructure to enhance the profitability of fisheries or aquaculture operations. However,
the current expansion of natural gas production, with a concomitant decrease in gas
Fig. 2.10 (a–d): a examples of artificial reefs in the Adriatic sea (1), (2) pyramids, (3) connection
for longlines, and (4) cages for shellfish (Bombace et al. 2000; Tassetti et al. 2015); b and d: layout
of artifical reefs, in groups of 8 pyramids with 2 shellfish cages in the center (Bombace et al. 2000;
Tassetti et al. 2015); c two-layer pyramids of concrete blocks (1) and concrete cages for mussel
culture (2) (Tassetti et al. 2015)
48
B.H. Buck et al.
In the USA, there have been discussions in the last years in co-locating aquaculture
production together with offshore wind energy projects. One example to combine
extractive species with offshore wind turbines was planned for the wind farm Cape
Wind in Massachusetts (USA) (Lapointe 2013). Buck et al. (2011) prepared a first
economic feasibility study on the production of seaweeds within this wind farm.
Another attempt at multi-use of an offshore wind installation with mussels was
conducted at Block Island Wind Farm, off the coast of Rhode Island (Voskamp
2010). Further, the Wind Technology Advancement Project (VOWTAP) conducted
initial engineering, designing, and permitting for offshore wind energy installations
off the coast of Virginia while taking aquaculture into account (Moura et al. 2011).
They planned to collaborate with other local users by using the wind farm infrastructure to enhance the profitability of fisheries or aquaculture operations. However,
the current expansion of natural gas production, with a concomitant decrease in gas
Fig. 2.10 (a–d): a examples of artificial reefs in the Adriatic sea (1), (2) pyramids, (3) connection
for longlines, and (4) cages for shellfish (Bombace et al. 2000; Tassetti et al. 2015); b and d: layout
of artifical reefs, in groups of 8 pyramids with 2 shellfish cages in the center (Bombace et al. 2000;
Tassetti et al. 2015); c two-layer pyramids of concrete blocks (1) and concrete cages for mussel
culture (2) (Tassetti et al. 2015)
48
B.H. Buck et al.