than this, since they make up only a fraction of total coastline, and account for
a much greater density of visits.
Table 10.2 summarizes the mean annual ecosystem service value estimates
reported by de Groot et al. (2012) and other relevant studies for marine natural
resources. These studies include Atkinson et al. (2012), Barbier (2012), Barbier
et al. (2011), Brander et al. (2006, 2007), Costanza et al. (2008), Engle (2011),
Ghermandi et al. (2008), Grabowski et al. (2012), Rao et al. (2014), Rönnbäck
1999, and Woodward and Wui (2001).
The provisioning service values are dominated by food production services,
except for coral reefs, where 95% of estimated value derives from genetic resources
(species with potential medical applications, etc.) and other raw materials. The
dominant source of regulating/habitat value is erosion control (for coral reefs and
Table 10.1 Summaries of value estimates from ecosystem valuation studies
Ecosystem service value, 2014 US$M/km
2 /year
Marine waters
(open ocean)
Coral
reefs
Coastal systems
(incl. sea grass)
Coastal wetlands
(incl. mangroves)
Provisioning services
0.01
6.41
0.28
0.34
Food
0.01
0.08
0.27
0.13
Water
0.14
Raw materials
<0.01
2.48 <0.01
0.04
Genetic resources
3.80
<0.01
Medicinal resources
0.03
Ornamental resources
0.05
Regulating and habitat
services
0.01
21.58
3.01
21.69
Climate regulation
0.01
0.14
0.06
0.01
Disturbance moderation
1.95
0.62
Waste treatment
0.01
18.64
Erosion prevention
17.62
2.92
0.45
Nutrient cycling
0.01
Nursery services
0.02
1.22
Genetic diversity
<0.01
1.86
0.02
0.75
Cultural services
0.04
12.52
0.03
0.25
Esthetic information
1.31
Recreation
0.04
11.07
0.03
0.25
Spiritual experience
<0.01
Cognitive development
0.13 <0.01
All services Mean values
0.05
40.51
3.33
22.29
Standard deviation
0.09
76.89
0.58
44.18
Minimum values
0.01
4.23
3.01
0.03
Maximum values
0.19
244.85
4.84
102.10
Number of estimates (de
Groot et al. 2012)
N = 14
N = 94 N = 28
N = 139
Based on data from de Groot et al. (2012); adapted from Kite-Powell et al. (2014)
240
H.L. Kite-Powell
a much greater density of visits.
Table 10.2 summarizes the mean annual ecosystem service value estimates
reported by de Groot et al. (2012) and other relevant studies for marine natural
resources. These studies include Atkinson et al. (2012), Barbier (2012), Barbier
et al. (2011), Brander et al. (2006, 2007), Costanza et al. (2008), Engle (2011),
Ghermandi et al. (2008), Grabowski et al. (2012), Rao et al. (2014), Rönnbäck
1999, and Woodward and Wui (2001).
The provisioning service values are dominated by food production services,
except for coral reefs, where 95% of estimated value derives from genetic resources
(species with potential medical applications, etc.) and other raw materials. The
dominant source of regulating/habitat value is erosion control (for coral reefs and
Table 10.1 Summaries of value estimates from ecosystem valuation studies
Ecosystem service value, 2014 US$M/km
2 /year
Marine waters
(open ocean)
Coral
reefs
Coastal systems
(incl. sea grass)
Coastal wetlands
(incl. mangroves)
Provisioning services
0.01
6.41
0.28
0.34
Food
0.01
0.08
0.27
0.13
Water
0.14
Raw materials
<0.01
2.48 <0.01
0.04
Genetic resources
3.80
<0.01
Medicinal resources
0.03
Ornamental resources
0.05
Regulating and habitat
services
0.01
21.58
3.01
21.69
Climate regulation
0.01
0.14
0.06
0.01
Disturbance moderation
1.95
0.62
Waste treatment
0.01
18.64
Erosion prevention
17.62
2.92
0.45
Nutrient cycling
0.01
Nursery services
0.02
1.22
Genetic diversity
<0.01
1.86
0.02
0.75
Cultural services
0.04
12.52
0.03
0.25
Esthetic information
1.31
Recreation
0.04
11.07
0.03
0.25
Spiritual experience
<0.01
Cognitive development
0.13 <0.01
All services Mean values
0.05
40.51
3.33
22.29
Standard deviation
0.09
76.89
0.58
44.18
Minimum values
0.01
4.23
3.01
0.03
Maximum values
0.19
244.85
4.84
102.10
Number of estimates (de
Groot et al. 2012)
N = 14
N = 94 N = 28
N = 139
Based on data from de Groot et al. (2012); adapted from Kite-Powell et al. (2014)
240
H.L. Kite-Powell