levels of governance (vertical connections in Fig. 7.1) but also across the policy
cycles at each level (horizontal connections in Fig. 7.1). There is also an
assumption that communication pathways should be two-way allowing for sharing
of data and information and improvements in governance using ideas from both
higher and lower levels.
National level policy cycle review exercises for the offshore aquaculture sector
in a multi-use setting should be undertaken to identify involvement of various
actors and players in management and policy. The processes underpinning the
different stages in the policy cycle are to ensure (1) appropriate data and information leads to (2) analysis and provision of advice that informs
(3) decision-making, which then gets (4) implemented, and subsequently is (5) reviewed and evaluated to determine effectiveness of decisions (Fig. 7.2). The policy
cycle review process is useful for: (i) Identifying the government, non-government
and private sector stakeholder groups involved in formal and informal governance
structures that exist and govern marine resource use both directly and indirectly to
the offshore aquaculture sector; (ii) Identifying groups involved in the governance
policy cycle; and (iii) Identifying strengths and weaknesses in the policy cycle.
7.4 Knowledge and Information Gaps in Offshore
Aquaculture Multi-use Governance
Promoting new forms of governance is by no means the sole responsibility of one
institution alone. It is the responsibility of all levels of public authority, private
undertakings and organised civil society because good governance—openness,
participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence—are what the public
expects at the beginning of the 21st century (EU 2001).
To date, economic viability, technical and environmental barriers remain principal research topics where knowledge is still required to aid creation and
exploitation of new multi-use ventures, such as offshore wind farms or open ocean
aquaculture (Michler-Cieluch and Krause 2008). In recent years, studies have also
started to consider public or specific stakeholder groups’ perceptions in relation to
the fledgling offshore wind industry and/or to aquaculture development in the open
ocean (examples given in Nichols et al. 2003; Robertson and Carlsen 2003; James
and Slaski 2006). It has been recognized that powerful stakeholder groups, in
particular those directly involved in or affected by innovations, exert a great
influence on new developments: they can impact negatively on progress of projects
(Tango-Lowy and Robertson 2002) but also contribute positively to the improvement of management processes (Dalton 2006; Apt and Fischhoff 2006).
Two stakeholder analysis by Krause (2003) and Michler-Cieluch (2009) for the
North Sea area of Germany revealed that there are different types of actors involved
in the offshore realm as compared to nearshore areas. Different types of conflicts,
limitations and potential alliances surface. These are rooted in the essential
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G. Krause and S.M. Stead
cycles at each level (horizontal connections in Fig. 7.1). There is also an
assumption that communication pathways should be two-way allowing for sharing
of data and information and improvements in governance using ideas from both
higher and lower levels.
National level policy cycle review exercises for the offshore aquaculture sector
in a multi-use setting should be undertaken to identify involvement of various
actors and players in management and policy. The processes underpinning the
different stages in the policy cycle are to ensure (1) appropriate data and information leads to (2) analysis and provision of advice that informs
(3) decision-making, which then gets (4) implemented, and subsequently is (5) reviewed and evaluated to determine effectiveness of decisions (Fig. 7.2). The policy
cycle review process is useful for: (i) Identifying the government, non-government
and private sector stakeholder groups involved in formal and informal governance
structures that exist and govern marine resource use both directly and indirectly to
the offshore aquaculture sector; (ii) Identifying groups involved in the governance
policy cycle; and (iii) Identifying strengths and weaknesses in the policy cycle.
7.4 Knowledge and Information Gaps in Offshore
Aquaculture Multi-use Governance
Promoting new forms of governance is by no means the sole responsibility of one
institution alone. It is the responsibility of all levels of public authority, private
undertakings and organised civil society because good governance—openness,
participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence—are what the public
expects at the beginning of the 21st century (EU 2001).
To date, economic viability, technical and environmental barriers remain principal research topics where knowledge is still required to aid creation and
exploitation of new multi-use ventures, such as offshore wind farms or open ocean
aquaculture (Michler-Cieluch and Krause 2008). In recent years, studies have also
started to consider public or specific stakeholder groups’ perceptions in relation to
the fledgling offshore wind industry and/or to aquaculture development in the open
ocean (examples given in Nichols et al. 2003; Robertson and Carlsen 2003; James
and Slaski 2006). It has been recognized that powerful stakeholder groups, in
particular those directly involved in or affected by innovations, exert a great
influence on new developments: they can impact negatively on progress of projects
(Tango-Lowy and Robertson 2002) but also contribute positively to the improvement of management processes (Dalton 2006; Apt and Fischhoff 2006).
Two stakeholder analysis by Krause (2003) and Michler-Cieluch (2009) for the
North Sea area of Germany revealed that there are different types of actors involved
in the offshore realm as compared to nearshore areas. Different types of conflicts,
limitations and potential alliances surface. These are rooted in the essential
156
G. Krause and S.M. Stead