different sectors. Good governance is defined herein simply as the process in which
decisions are made formally, e.g. government policies and regulations and/or
informally codes of conduct from an industry/community and health of marine
ecosystems perspective (Stead 2015).
In this chapter we employ the definition by Olsen (2003), who differentiates
between management as the process by which human and material resources are
harnessed to achieve a known goal within a known institutional structure and
governance, which sets the stage in which management occurs by defining—or
redefining—the fundamental objectives, policies, laws and institutions by which
societal issues are addressed. By fundamental objectives, we refer to the fundamental human rights, e.g. access to a healthy environment. This governs the interest
to engage in the various aspects thereof, e.g. maintenance of biodiversity and their
related ecosystem services. The concept of governance and management thus
focuses on norms, institutions (laws and regulations), organizational structures and
processes in the (marine) human-nature context. A lack of understanding about
linkages between decision-making by different actors and stakeholders and between
different levels at which decisions are made (local industry, national jurisdiction
authority and international conventions/treaties) can lead to fragmented and weak
governance systems. Indeed, governance is often confused with government and
has many meanings depending on the disciplinary view or context in which the
term is being applied. The political scientist, Roderick Rhodes (1996) developed a
concept of governance which was adopted by the European Commission in their
White Paper on European Governance where “European governance” refers to
rules, processes and behaviour affecting the way powers are exercised at a European
level (EU 2001). Herein, the qualities of good governance are referred to as the 5
“principles of good governance”:
(1) coherence, (2) openness, (3) participation, (4) accountability, and
(5) effectiveness.
For the purpose of this chapter, it is useful to tailor the definitions of governance,
policy and management to the specifics of aquaculture, as these terms are often used
interchangeably leading to constraints in implementing sustainable aquaculture
development strategies (Table 7.1).
In summary, management of offshore aquaculture is often dealt with independently to marine governance, and even more distant from multi-use approaches. To
date, insufficient effort has been directed towards considering and integrating both
management and governance in the development of offshore aquaculture sector
policy. The hypothesis for debate in this chapter is ‘before the offshore aquaculture
sector can optimise production regardless of the target species and technology
employed, a better understanding of the links between governance structure and
offshore multi-use management implementation is required to facilitate growth of
this sector’. The next section shares lessons from development of marine governance models in a large marine ecosystem context based on the work by Fanning
et al. (2007, 2009) and Mahon et al. (2008, 2011) to illustrate the opportunities or
supporting development of the offshore aquaculture sector associated with adopting
a multi-level governance framework
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G. Krause and S.M. Stead
decisions are made formally, e.g. government policies and regulations and/or
informally codes of conduct from an industry/community and health of marine
ecosystems perspective (Stead 2015).
In this chapter we employ the definition by Olsen (2003), who differentiates
between management as the process by which human and material resources are
harnessed to achieve a known goal within a known institutional structure and
governance, which sets the stage in which management occurs by defining—or
redefining—the fundamental objectives, policies, laws and institutions by which
societal issues are addressed. By fundamental objectives, we refer to the fundamental human rights, e.g. access to a healthy environment. This governs the interest
to engage in the various aspects thereof, e.g. maintenance of biodiversity and their
related ecosystem services. The concept of governance and management thus
focuses on norms, institutions (laws and regulations), organizational structures and
processes in the (marine) human-nature context. A lack of understanding about
linkages between decision-making by different actors and stakeholders and between
different levels at which decisions are made (local industry, national jurisdiction
authority and international conventions/treaties) can lead to fragmented and weak
governance systems. Indeed, governance is often confused with government and
has many meanings depending on the disciplinary view or context in which the
term is being applied. The political scientist, Roderick Rhodes (1996) developed a
concept of governance which was adopted by the European Commission in their
White Paper on European Governance where “European governance” refers to
rules, processes and behaviour affecting the way powers are exercised at a European
level (EU 2001). Herein, the qualities of good governance are referred to as the 5
“principles of good governance”:
(1) coherence, (2) openness, (3) participation, (4) accountability, and
(5) effectiveness.
For the purpose of this chapter, it is useful to tailor the definitions of governance,
policy and management to the specifics of aquaculture, as these terms are often used
interchangeably leading to constraints in implementing sustainable aquaculture
development strategies (Table 7.1).
In summary, management of offshore aquaculture is often dealt with independently to marine governance, and even more distant from multi-use approaches. To
date, insufficient effort has been directed towards considering and integrating both
management and governance in the development of offshore aquaculture sector
policy. The hypothesis for debate in this chapter is ‘before the offshore aquaculture
sector can optimise production regardless of the target species and technology
employed, a better understanding of the links between governance structure and
offshore multi-use management implementation is required to facilitate growth of
this sector’. The next section shares lessons from development of marine governance models in a large marine ecosystem context based on the work by Fanning
et al. (2007, 2009) and Mahon et al. (2008, 2011) to illustrate the opportunities or
supporting development of the offshore aquaculture sector associated with adopting
a multi-level governance framework
152
G. Krause and S.M. Stead