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Glossary
Chemical process A system used to produce one or more chemical products.
Within the scope applied in this book, it includes (1) the chemical reaction where
raw materials (reactants) are converted to the desired product as well as to byproducts and waste; (2) physical separation and purification operations such as
crystallization, filtration, and distillation used to obtain the desired product specification; and (3) handling, transfer, and storage of chemicals and waste involved.
Chemical product A chemical that has been manufactured or extracted from a
natural source to provide a specific function. In the context of this book, the focus is
placed on chemical products as single chemicals. However, chemical products are
also present on the market as formulations or mixtures of multiple chemicals.
Continuous process A type of chemical production process where the material
flow is continuously in motion (without interruption) as it advances toward becoming the end product. Mostly used for products that are produced in large amounts
(bulk chemicals).
Cumulative energy demand (CED) The total amount of both direct and indirect
uses of primary energy involved in the extraction, manufacturing, and disposal of all
raw and auxiliary materials for a product or process including the involved technical
equipment (proportionally).
Damage The impairment of the inherent qualities of a protected good.
Danger A situation or circumstance in which damage may occur.
Decision As applied within the EU, a decision is a binding act that must be
followed by the countries or entities it specifically addresses.
Directive As applied within the EU, a directive sets a goal that all EU member
states must achieve, but each member state can establish their own laws to achieve
it.
Dose-response relationship The relationship between the level of exposure to a
chemical (the dose) and the resulting effect (response) it elicits on an investigated
endpoint. This can include specific effects on both humans and the environment. In
particular, dose-response relationships may also be non-monotonic, as it is observed
for some endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
Eco-efficiency One of the three guiding principles of integrated development
(in addition to inherent safety and social acceptability). It aims to proactively
minimize resource use and environmental impacts per unit of service provided by
a chemical product or process rather than relying on reactive approaches such as
waste treatment by end-of-pipe technologies.
Glossary
Chemical process A system used to produce one or more chemical products.
Within the scope applied in this book, it includes (1) the chemical reaction where
raw materials (reactants) are converted to the desired product as well as to byproducts and waste; (2) physical separation and purification operations such as
crystallization, filtration, and distillation used to obtain the desired product specification; and (3) handling, transfer, and storage of chemicals and waste involved.
Chemical product A chemical that has been manufactured or extracted from a
natural source to provide a specific function. In the context of this book, the focus is
placed on chemical products as single chemicals. However, chemical products are
also present on the market as formulations or mixtures of multiple chemicals.
Continuous process A type of chemical production process where the material
flow is continuously in motion (without interruption) as it advances toward becoming the end product. Mostly used for products that are produced in large amounts
(bulk chemicals).
Cumulative energy demand (CED) The total amount of both direct and indirect
uses of primary energy involved in the extraction, manufacturing, and disposal of all
raw and auxiliary materials for a product or process including the involved technical
equipment (proportionally).
Damage The impairment of the inherent qualities of a protected good.
Danger A situation or circumstance in which damage may occur.
Decision As applied within the EU, a decision is a binding act that must be
followed by the countries or entities it specifically addresses.
Directive As applied within the EU, a directive sets a goal that all EU member
states must achieve, but each member state can establish their own laws to achieve
it.
Dose-response relationship The relationship between the level of exposure to a
chemical (the dose) and the resulting effect (response) it elicits on an investigated
endpoint. This can include specific effects on both humans and the environment. In
particular, dose-response relationships may also be non-monotonic, as it is observed
for some endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
Eco-efficiency One of the three guiding principles of integrated development
(in addition to inherent safety and social acceptability). It aims to proactively
minimize resource use and environmental impacts per unit of service provided by
a chemical product or process rather than relying on reactive approaches such as
waste treatment by end-of-pipe technologies.