Glossary
Active substance The specific chemical within a product formulation that serves as
the active component in achieving the targeted effect (e.g., the chemical in a plant
protection product formulation that achieves the effect needed to protect the crop
from the intended disease or pest).
Assessment factor (AF) A factor applied during the calculation of a no-effect
concentration within product risk assessment to consider the uncertainty and
variability within and between different species as well as the time limitation or
uncertainty of the applied toxicity data.
Batch process A type of chemical production process that follows a chronological
execution of process steps in a single reaction vessel and according to a standard
operating procedure. The desired chemical is produced in a specified amount and
within a set time frame.
Batch reactor A type of reactor where all reactants are fed into the vessel at once.
Bioaccumulation factor The ratio of a chemical’s concentration in an aquatic
organism and in the surrounding water under the condition that uptake of the
chemical occurs via all possible exposure routes.
Bioconcentration factor The ratio of a chemical’s concentration in an aquatic
organism and in the surrounding water under the condition that uptake of the
chemical occurs via gill respiration, but not with food.
Biomagnification factor The ratio of a chemical’s concentration in an aquatic or
nonaquatic organism and in the food (prey) consumed by this organism.
Characterization factor (CF) A value used within life cycle assessment and, more
specifically, in life cycle impact assessment to convert from a material or energy flow
into a specific midpoint or endpoint impact category.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. Hungerbühler et al., Chemical Products and Processes,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62422-4
321
Active substance The specific chemical within a product formulation that serves as
the active component in achieving the targeted effect (e.g., the chemical in a plant
protection product formulation that achieves the effect needed to protect the crop
from the intended disease or pest).
Assessment factor (AF) A factor applied during the calculation of a no-effect
concentration within product risk assessment to consider the uncertainty and
variability within and between different species as well as the time limitation or
uncertainty of the applied toxicity data.
Batch process A type of chemical production process that follows a chronological
execution of process steps in a single reaction vessel and according to a standard
operating procedure. The desired chemical is produced in a specified amount and
within a set time frame.
Batch reactor A type of reactor where all reactants are fed into the vessel at once.
Bioaccumulation factor The ratio of a chemical’s concentration in an aquatic
organism and in the surrounding water under the condition that uptake of the
chemical occurs via all possible exposure routes.
Bioconcentration factor The ratio of a chemical’s concentration in an aquatic
organism and in the surrounding water under the condition that uptake of the
chemical occurs via gill respiration, but not with food.
Biomagnification factor The ratio of a chemical’s concentration in an aquatic or
nonaquatic organism and in the food (prey) consumed by this organism.
Characterization factor (CF) A value used within life cycle assessment and, more
specifically, in life cycle impact assessment to convert from a material or energy flow
into a specific midpoint or endpoint impact category.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. Hungerbühler et al., Chemical Products and Processes,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62422-4
321